Modern European Lingo

Industrial Revolution- A period of time in Britain from the 1750s to the 1800s during which many new inventions, including the steam engine, the power loom, the water frame, and the spinning jenny, were created; occurred later in western Europe (partially due to the Continental System); happened in the 20th century in Russia; shift from farms to factories and from rural to urban labor

Infanta- The daughter of the Spanish king

Inquisition- An institution with the purpose of enforcing a set religion or culture upon a population; example: The Spanish Inquisition enforced Catholicism under Ferdinand and Isabella

Intelligentsia- 19th century name for Westernizers in Russia

Intendants- Middle class citizens in France that collected taxes under Henry IV, but were later used as spies under Louis XIV

Interregnum- Period of time during which the Cromwells ruled England; occurred from 1649 to 1660

Iron Law of Wages- Ricardo’s economic idea that involved using subsistence wages to force children and other members of the family to work; allowed an employer to hire many more workers than if there was a minimum wage

Ironsides- Alternative name for soldiers in the New Model Army; given in respect to their body armor

IRA- The Irish Republican Army, which formed from the IRB, that was created by radicals in the early 20th century; carried out bombings on members of the British royal family in an effort to separate from the British Empire

IRB- The Irish Republican Brotherhood; which later formed the IRA; that was created by radicals in the early 20th century; carried out bombings on members of the British royal family in an effort to separate from the British Empire

Irish Free State- Also known as Eire, this republic was established in 1921 after protests by Sinn Fein; Ulster continued to be a part of the United Kingdom

Iron Curtain- Churchill’s terminology from the 1946 Fulton speech; referred to the boundary between NATO nations and Warsaw Pact nations; physical and ideological boundary during the Cold War

Iskra- Lenin’s Marxist newspaper that he published while in exile in Western Europe in the early 1900s; was brought to Russia

Italian Campaign, The- Napoleon’s march through Northern Italy to invade Austria and take control of the provinces that were known as Lombardy and Venetia

Jacobins- A radical political party in the French Revolution that, under the leadership of Robespierre, took control and led the Terror; comprised the Mountain, which was the radical section of the Legislative Assembly