Modern European Lingo

Tithe- A tax that was paid to the church in absolutist France, translates to “one-tenth”

Tonnage- Old system of customs duties that was based on cargo weight of things being traded; replaced by impositions in England under James I

Tories- Political party that developed in the later 1600s in England to support James II, as well as the Anglican Church and the Divine Right of Kings; disapproved of religious toleration towards Catholics; became the Conservative Party in the 1840s; loyalists in the American Revolution

Tory Democracy- In the 1820s, a moderate reform program began under Lord Liverpool; moved away from mercantilism and religious restrictions; repealed the Test Act (1828); Catholic Emancipation (1829) allowed them voting rights and the right to run for government positions

Totalitarian- Modern dictatorial and autocratic government; example: Hitler as Fuhrer in Germany

Transubstantiation- The process of the bread and wine literally turning into the body and blood of Jesus Christ, as is customary in the Catholic faith; idea was challenged by Martin Luther in the Reformation

Tricolor- Three colors; can be used to refer to the revolutionary flag of France (blue, white, red)

Triple Alliance (War of Devolution)- Union of England, Sweden, and the Netherlands that was formed in the War of Devolution to prevent Louis XIV from expanding to the Netherlands in the 1660s

Triple Alliance (WWI)- Alliance between Italy, Germany, and Austria-Hungary; began in 1882 and negotiated by Bismarck; despite this agreement, Italy joined the Allies in WWI

Triple Entente- The alliance that was formed between Russia, France, and Britain in preparation for World War I

Truman Doctrine- Harry Truman wanted to support Greece and Turkey against communist insurgents in 1944; he wanted to aid countries under attack from minorities or outside powers

Tsar- Term for the position of ruler, or emperor, of Russia

Tsarevich- Heir to the Russian throne

Tsarina- The empress of Russia

Turkish Peril, The- Term used to refer to the impending power of Suleiman the Magnificent; caused Catholics and Protestants across Europe to unite against the Ottoman Empire, which was Islamic; the Battle of Lepanto in 1571 was a big loss for Suleiman

Twenty-Five Conditions- The nationalist and anti-Semitic agenda of the Nazis; promoted the superiority of the upper class to the lower class

Twenty-One Conditions- Rules forced upon all socialist parties at the Comintern by Lenin; did not allow revisionism or democratic socialism

U-boats- German submarines; first used in WWI; Germans promised to end their submarine campaign after the Sussex Pledge, but began it again after about a year