The Ancient Kingdoms of Egypt

by silverspoon in History, April 12, 2009

Menes established the firs dynasty in Egypt. A dynasty is a line of rulers, usually belonging to one family. The power to govern is inherited by the son from his father, or by any close relative if no immediate family member is qualified. The dynasty is broken only if a new clan of leaders conquers the ruling family, or if there is no one to inherit the throne.

Starting with tht reign of Menes, until 1085 B.C., no less than 30 dynasties have ruled Egypt. This long period is divided into: Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, and the New Kingdom or Empire. (The time between the country’s unification in 3100 B.C. and the start of the Old Kingdom is called the “Protodynastic Period.”)

The Old Kingdom (2686-2181 B.C.). Like many kingdoms on the rise, the Old Kingdom of Egyt consisted of numerous independent communities. Its capital was Memphis.

The period in Egypt’s history was famous for the pyramids – ht etombs of the pharaos. An estimated 80 pramids were built during the time of the Old Kingdom.

The biggest pyramid in Egypt’s can be found in the city of Giza. King Khufu (or CHeops) had built in preparation for his death. This “Great Pyramid” has height of close to 147 meters, while the base has an area of five hectares.

Courtesy: Flickr

The pyramids are recognized as unique structures that showcase the artistry and skill of the Egyptians in architecture and construction. Up to now, it is not known for certain how they were able to carry the stones used in building the pyramids. Based on observations, the huge stones are so exact in shape that not even a thin-bladed sword can go through its gaps.

Although the first phase of the Old Kingdom was peaceful, the last years chaotic and marred by civil war. The power of the pharaos weakened, while locals leaders became more influential, causing more confusion. This hastened the downfall of the Old Kingdom; and for the next 200 years, provincial lords ruled more or less independently.

The Middle Kingdom (1191-1786 B.C.). Prince Mentuhotep II of Thebes reunited Egypt under a new, strong dynasty. With the restoration of a centralized government, the influence of local leaders weakened.

Mentuhotep II and his successors initiated many changes. A good number of roads were built to foster trade. Agricultural projects were implemented. Canals were widened for irrigation purposes, resulting in bountiful harvests.