U.S. History Review Guide: 1860s-Present

-Senate investigates McCarthy for trying to get special treatment for Schine.

-McCarthy loses popularity.

Edward R. Murrow (CBS): A widely admired journalist that helped with McCarthy’s decline in popularity. He was very influential because so many people listened to his broadcasts.

Atomic culture: Songs, duck and cover drills, and fallout shelters all added to the anti-communist culture and the Red scare. People were very worried about a nuclear war.

Korean War

Korea splits at 38th parallel: North supported communism and south supported democracy so they made 2 countries out of Korea.

How did the war start: North Korea attacked South Korea, trying to reunite the peninsula and made Korea communist. Kim Sung led the north and Rhee led the south.

MacArthur’s miracle counter attack: North Korea had taken most of South Korea but then MacArthur landed a bunch of marines at Inchon, 200 miles behind enemy lines and used this counter attack to break up the offensive and win back South Korea.

General MacArthur:

-Fired for insubordination, right choice for de-escalating the war, but he would have done well in Asia.

President Eisenhower:

Republican: Became President after World War II, served 2 terms, Nixon was his vice president, good president.

Civil Rights:

Eisenhower: played too much golf and didn’t work hard but stayed out of Vietnam and ended Korean War. Ran for president because the Republican Party persuaded him. Used television and commercials for campaign to win. Ran against Adlai.

Civil Rights acts:

-14th amendment: Establishes blacks as citizens, north happy, south unhappy

-Louisiana Separate Car Act (1890): Started separate but equal

-Black Codes: Southerners try to control blacks again by imposing unfair laws on them.

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896):

-Plessy tried to sit in white train car

-All facilities separate for 50 years

-Social equality would only occur if races did it willingly

Jim Crow laws:

-Separated all public facilities in the south such as bathrooms, water fountains, and schools. Caused a lot of racism. Whites were trying to control blacks.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954):

-The schools were separate but court ruled that the schools were not equal which was the basis of the separation.

-Parents went to court because their daughter Linda was going to an inferior school far away even though a nice school was right near her but was only for whites.

-Courts ruled that schools must desegregate.

-Thurgood Marshall was lawyer in the case

-Set no time that schools had to desegregate by.

-Most schools ignored the court rulings

-Now schools are re-segregating because of economic factors.

Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956):

-Bus drivers very mean, blacks had to sit in back of bus

-Rosa Parks sat in the front, when sent to jail for sitting in the front the black community reacted angrily and started the boycotts.

-E.D Nixon headed the progressive democrats and helped start the movement. Also head of NAACP.

-Boycott lasted for a year, blacks carpooled and such. Peaceful protest that was eventually given attention and the bus situation was changed. Police and KKK gave blacks a lot of trouble.

-All groups supported the boycott, organized programs to keep it going. MLK JR preached sermons to keep black morale high.

-Ended when Supreme Court desegregated buses.

-Boycott effective but took along time.

Little Rock 9:

-Little Rock, Arkansas: Conservative, did not like schools being desegregated

-Governor Faubus: Did not like desegregation, wanted votes so he brought in state troops to prevent black children to prevent them from entering the school. After Ike dismissed the state troops, he shut down schools for a year as retaliation.

-Mayor Mann: Disagreed with Faubus and asked Ike for help, also ended Jim Crow laws in Little Rock

-First day of school: Mob prevents Little Rock 9 from entering school

-Earnest Green: First black kid to graduate.

Sit-ins:

-Greensboro: Sit-ins start, learned non-violence from Diane Nash.

-Nashville: Sit-ins spread, encounters with police.

-SNCC: Non-violent protests against Jim Crow Laws and segregation, organized by Ella Baker.

-Diane Nach, Josh Lewis, Marion Barry, Jim Lawson: Helped organize protests and later participated in freedom rides.

Freedom Rides:

-Led by CORE director James Farmer, purpose was to desegrate southern bus routes.

-Rock Hill: John Lewis beat up.

-Anniston: Mob attacked bus and slashed tires, bus then firebombed and doors were held shut. Riders escaped but were beaten on way out.

-Birmingham: KKK attacked riders, especially white riders.

-Robert Kennedy: tried to calm situation, local police helped the KKK and hurt the riders. SNCC replaced hurt riders to continue the freedom rides.

-Protests becoming less and less passive.