Theories of Motivation

Motivation is the reason behind a specific behavior particularly human behavior. Reasons for motivation may vary such as basic needs, an object, goal, state of being or ideal. Motivation for behaving in a certain way could also be due to morality (Wikipedia, 2007).

Geen (1995) defines motivation as the “initiation, direction, intensity and persistence of human behavior”.

People differ in wants or needs. The theories of motivation, in part, aim to explain the reason behind these wants and needs. Most theories are based on the needs of the person and the idea that satisfying this need is important before the person can focus on other needs (Borgatti, 2001).

Theories of Motivation

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs is the most widely popular theory. It believes that human beings have desires which affects their behavior particularly the unsatisfied needs. The needs come in the order of importance. The person moves to the next level of need if the lower level need is satisfied. The further in the need level the person moves, the more individuality and psychological health the person reveals (Wikipedia, 2007).

These needs starting for the lowest to the highest are: psychological, safety and security, social, self-esteem and self-actualization. Examples of physiological needs could be food or water. Safety pertains to security, freedom from violence, work safety and others. Social is the sense of belongingness like family, friends, co workers and others. Self-esteem is the need for approval, recognition, status, etc. And lastly, self-actualization pertains to the need to pursue personal growth through education, religion, hobbies and others.

According to Maslow, it would be hard to attain the highest goal of self-actualization if the lower goals are not attained or taken cared of first. Food, water, shelter – these are but a few of our most basic needs that precede all others. For instance, it would be foolish to worry how to become emotionally stable when you cannot even eat a decent meal or if you are gravely ill. By taking care of the basic needs, one can proceed to take care of the higher needs (Borgatti, 2001).

Just like Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory is a need-based motivation theory. This theory is considered more powerful than Maslow because it is easier to comprehend.

The two factor theory believes that certain factors in the workplace lead to job satisfaction. Others do not affect satisfaction but if not present could lead to dissatisfaction (Wikipedia, 2007).