Patron-client relations (Herbst 1990, Chabal 2002) no free and fair elections leading to internally displaced citizens

2. Corruption has been pervasive (Mbaku 2000).embezzlements of government resources for self gratification leading to high rate of poverty

4. Weak parliament: There is no effective legislation due to party interest and horse trading leading to static reform processes that are needed to influence economical development.

5. Weak judiciary lack of independent judiciary that leads to totalitarian rule and delayed justice.

6. Tribalism and nepotism: Meritocracy has been thrown through the window as civil servants are hired through ethnic ground; meritocracy is overlooked thus contributing mediocre performance and poor service delivery in public office.

7. Poor planning.  Misallocation of public resources and lack of economic development plans contributed to high population growth rate, unemployment and poverty.

8 .Conflicts among neighboring countries. Misunderstanding among African countries due to the scramble for natural resources such as minerals affects economic development process.

9. Political Instability: Increased rebel movements and collapsed states due to dictatorship has led to internally displaced people some becoming refugees in neighbouring countries, this reduces human resources required to maximize the exploitation of the country natural resources e.g.  Somalia and Congo situations.

References

Political governance is the process of decision-making to formulate policy. Administrative governance is the system of policy implementation. Encompassing all three, good governance defines the processes and structures that guide political and socio-economic relationships.

The following are examples of five cardinal duties of good governance:

1.      Governs through the rule of law: Good governance requires fair legal frameworks that are enforced impartially. It also requires full protection of human rights, particularly those of minorities. Impartial enforcement of laws requires an independent judiciary and an impartial and incorruptible police force.

2.      It is participatory: Participation by both men and women is a key cornerstone of good governance. Participation could be either direct or through legitimate intermediate institutions or representatives. It is important to point out that representative democracy does not necessarily mean that the concerns of the most vulnerable in society would be taken into consideration in decision making. Participation needs to be informed and organized. This means freedom of association and expression on the one hand and an organized civil society on the other hand.

3.      Effective and efficient: Good governance means that processes and institutions produce results that meet the needs of society while making the best use of resources at their disposal. The concept of efficiency in the context of good governance also covers the sustainable use of natural resources and the protection of the environment

4.      Accountable to its citizen: Accountability is a key requirement of good governance. Not only governmental institutions but also the private sector and civil society organizations must be accountable to the public and to their institutional stakeholders. Where actions and decision made must be for the interest of the citizen e.g government must ensure that Constituency development fund is utilized objectively.

5.      Equitable and inclusive: A society’s well being depends on ensuring that all its members feel that they have a stake in it and do not feel excluded from the mainstream of society. All men and women have opportunities to improve or maintain their well-being like employment and distribution of the national cake.

Patrimonial administration – management by land lords in their manors, including property management and supervision of the subjects and their autonomy.

Bees captain (in large complexes estate regent). Under it many different specialized typists and other executives (Pojezdný, hunter, porybný, shepherd, steward, gamekeeper, etc.).

Supervision of subjects was performed by the annual courts. Patrimonial administration was abolished after 1848.

stage: the feudal

FWMaitland: CostitutionalHistoryofEngland, Cambridge 1908, S.142:
The correct answer to the question, what was the feudal system is: it was the first treatise on comparative law

Voltaire, Essay on morals, kap.23: feudal system is an ancient form of government in keeping our three-quarters of the hemisphere in countries with very different state by establishing ”

patrimonium
Otto’s encyclopedia: heritage; patrimonial partikulatismus: inheritance distributed administrative patrimonium leading to the fragmentation of public authority

“Noble” particularism
T. Bisson, Nobility and family in medieval France, FHS 16, 597: The nobility was the way it barons, knights, priests, monks and peasants represented – and only in the 12th century, their ideas about what is real nobility, began to vary and transform.

Patrimonial “noble” partikularismusse in the Czech Republic develops with less delay compared to the European West in the 12th and 13 century. This was also the period in which managed to overcome autarchic (self) business cycle, which “bins” limited state apparatus.

Popular participation in elections is losing a sense, the general election has been transformed in koncilia velmožská colloquium. In addition to convene colloquia Prince irregular courtly conventions – the embryo Royal (state) board. Office (Ministerium) – a service of general interest represented by Prince – was associated with a fief – inheritance distributed administrative patrimonium led to the fragmentation of public authority.

During the 13th century, the disintegration of the princely Regimen, from which finally separates the three branches Administratie a particular administration:

• Municipal Administration

• Church Administration

• The authority management

Organizationally with the state administration system based on the Burgenland, which during the 13th century drove out a dual system of royal and aristocratic institutions (establishment of the provincial system) and a network of royal serfs and towns.

the emergence of cities
- The right to dual cities, administration and local government,
- Cities, nobility, sovereign, disputes with the nobility in the 16th Century, the curtailing of the rights of Ferdinand I.
- Further curtailment of the rights of the White Mountain, bureaucratization of local government, municipalities and regulated by municipalities

By

S J Tubrazy

There are many administrative tribunals in France. Some, such as the Cour des Compes, Conseil des Prises, Cour de Discipline Budgetaire, Conseils de Revision, Conseil Superieur de l ‘Education Nationale, and a few special tribunals for war pensions or war damages, have jurisdiction in specialised matters; others are competent for the whole of droit administratif. These are the Tribunaux Administratifs (twenty‑three in number) of Metropolitan France, which have been the ordinary tribunals for administrative matters since the Decree of September 30, 1953, and above all the Conseil d’Etat.

It will be enough here to give an account of the Conseil d’Etat, which is the most important of these tribunals, and normally competent for administrative litigation.

The Conseil d’Etat does much work which is not judicial. It takes part, or may take part, in the framing of the laws enacted by Parliament; in fact its role in the preparation and framing of the Constitution of the 5th Republic (in 1958) was particularly important. It necessarily plays a part m the elaboration of the reglements d’administration publique, which are orders made by the Conseil d’Etat by delegation of the powers of Parliament, in order to ensure the application of a Law when the Legislature has only enacted the principle of such law. The Conseil d’Etat is also endowed with powers of strict administration ; its advice must be taken, and in some cases must be followed, before some steps are taken in administrative matters, e.g. before some public works are authorised, or before a municipal body may accept a gift or before a corporation is declared a public utility ; indeed, possibly its principal business is to advise before the event rather than to judge after. However, the aspect of its work to be here discussed is the judicial business of the Conseil d’Etat‑the contentieux administratif.

The feature of the Conseil d’Etat which is most striking is that it subjects even the executive to some rule of law. In a domain in which the will of the executive is paramount and unsubjected to any kind of judicial supervision or interference, as it is sometimes called, has been subjected in France to the control of the Conseil d’Etat. Its success belies the firmly. held opinion that it is impossible to have enforceable judicial remedies against the executive of a modern State.

Control over administrative activity is secured by two processes ; recours en annulation pour exces de pouvoir (action to annul an illegal administrative act) and the recours de plelne jurisdiction (action to compel an affirmative act on the part of the administration). While in recours en annulation, the aggrieved citizen directly attacks the impugned administrative act or decision with the object of getting the administrative act or decision annulled and is precluded from claiming damages as such. In the recours de pleine jurisdiction the plaintiff if successful obtains only reparation of damage suffered as the result of wrong‑doing or breach of contract by the State.

The manner in which the Conseil d’Etat deals with administrative acts by way of recours en annulation appears in the present contex, to be of most importance. As Hamson observes, “if we can understand it, we can understand what it means to have administrative law and an administrative Court‑a Court which is willing and able actually and directly to subject to an effective, and not merely formal, rule of law, the executive acting in its most executive capacity, the decision making executive, the executive exercising a discretionary power.”

In contrast to the Anglo‑Saxon system the Conseil d’Etat claims and exercises direct authority over every member, high or low, of the internal administration in respect of his administrative act as such. It can, and if it sees it fit it will, require the administrative officer to justify his act before the Conseil d’Etat in the presence of the plaintiff and the public by a method or process which permits each side to produce its case and to see and to answer the whole case set up by the other.

Public administration, in lower case, has to be differentiated from Public Administration, which is in the upper case. Public administration signify the association of public bureaucracy: the governmental structures which make the foundation of public decision-making and execution; and the measures by which public services are conveyed. At the core of public administration is the civil service, but it also comprises all of the public organizations at regional and local points. Troubles related to the definition of “public” have, however, been produced by privatization or economization of earlier public bodies. A communal task in Public Administration is that of improving a public sector organization theory which may bring down the logical dominion of private sector organization theory and market principles. As a sub-discipline of political science, Public Administration is the study of public administration by means of institutional explanation, policy investigation and assessment, and intergovernmental affairs analysis.

 Taking into account most of the given definitions for Public Administration from various sources; we can say that it is a particular area of study within the professional and educational discipline. It highlights the arrangement and processes of government and associations, together with financial plans, human resources, and official and casual internal controls. As I’ve also learned from the module, it is the art and science of management as applied to dealings of the nation. We can see the practical application of the discipline as it makes a way in improving government performance.

  Public workers such as police officers, city hall employees, municipal budget analysts, armed forces enlisted personnel, and cabinet secretaries are all public administrators, though they are unelected by the people. Public administrators are public servants working in public departments and bureaus, at all levels of government. Public administrators cannot function from a “profit” intention.  Ideally they should work from a “service” orientation but in practice this means they have to satisfy those who grant their organization with its resources.

 I consider myself as a practitioner of public administration, though it is only in a low extent. Even if I do not hold a high administrative position in the government, I provide my service in the public sector. As a teacher in a public high school, I can say that we are not after profits as private schools are. Since we are implementing policies that emanated from the DepED’s vision, Education for All, free quality education is made accessible for every Filipino. This is just one of the examples of the public goods that people can benefit from whether they have money to pay for it or none. Being a public servant, I realized that we should always be prepared in facing public scrutiny, pressures and demands as we are accountable to the people. Thus, transparency in all dealings is expected. It means that there should always be availability of information to the general public, and clear government rules, regulations, and decisions.

There are a lot of e-Learning institutions, one can go online and google them. For this article alone, I would like to highlight Fortress Learning. 

What is Fortress Learning? 

Fortress Learning is an e-Learning institution co-founded by Bryan and Chris. They opened it last 2008. This was the result of a shared passion for learning and a sense of adventure to create a business that seeks to enable access to that learning and to build relationships that value integrity, trust and honesty.

Who is Bryan and Chris?

Chris and Bryan are the trainers along with the others. They are the humble owners of Fortress Learning. 

What do Fortress Learning Value?

“When we focus on what is important to you, then we are focusing on what is important to us.

You see, we share a mutual interest. That’s why we don’t just do jobs for customers. Instead, we work with our partners and clients – to establish where our directions converge – to discover where our innovation meets your vision.

In fact, we insist on it.”

So, when you want to train and deliver with confidence, contribute with confidence, lead and manage with confidence, communicate with certainty, deliver your message with clarity and certainty, move forward with clarity, then you’re looking forward to learning at Fortress Learning.

What do Chris, Bryan and the trainers of Fortress Learning do?

“In simple terms, we equip you to make connections. 

This might be by learning how to train and assess others, how to make a broader contribution as a volunteer, or to effectively lead a not-for-profit organisation. It might be by providing a low cost phone system for your home or office. Or, perhaps it is by creating and sustaining your web presence, or sculpting a strategic future for your organisation. Perhaps it will be a combination of these.

Whatever it is, we will equip you to connect.

With ideas. With people. With your unique potential”, from www.fortresslearning.com.au

What are the Courses offered? 

You may choose to become efficient to:

ü

• Train
• Volunteer
• Govern
• Connect
• Design
• Host 
• Develop
• Support

Any student privilege?

“TAA40104 Certificate IV in Training & Assessment

We prefer our students to make informed decisions, which is why we have put together a brochure outlining the details of what we are doing and why we are doing it.

This offer.  As one person put it recently:

‘I can enrol now for $950 and start it at any time in the next 12 months – or I can wait a while and pay an extra $100 to do the same course”

Add your details to this form.  Have a read, give it some thought and get in touch if there is anything you’d like to talk about.

We will also send you a copy of our weekly newsletter, Your TAA Times, so you can get a better idea of what we stand for.” Chris and Bryan

Written By:

Eunice M.

Fortress Learning Administrative Assistant

eunice@fortresslearning.com.au

• Flowers-Sure they’re sweet, but we’d rather get them from a loved one than our boss, and that $40 could have gone to something much more useful than a decoration that will die in a few days. So unless there’s a gift card tucked inside the bouquet, save the flowers for your mom on Mother’s Day.
• Candy and Chocolate-Most likely, your assistant will thoroughly enjoy that 3 pound box of Godiva truffles. She will not, however, enjoy gaining those 3 pounds. A box of chocolate also becomes something you’re forced to share, especially in an office full of people, and she won’t really get to enjoy her own gift without looking selfish.  
• Lunch with You-No thank you. We spend at least 8 hours a day, 5 days a week with you. We might even like you and enjoy our jobs, but being in a service profession where you are at the bottom rung in terms of power means we thoroughly enjoy and need our free time. Lunch is the only time during the day that we aren’t subject to someone else’s demands and deadlines. It’s a way to unwind and relax and without it we start to go crazy. Spending lunch with you means we have to be on our best behavior throughout what is supposed to be our time to recharge. We will be stressed, forced to watch what we say and do to make sure we make a good impression and don’t let down our guard. It’s a nice idea, but again, we’d rather have the cash.
• Desk Accessories or Office Supplies-Wow a new stapler! Pink floral file folders. A new post-it dispenser. Gee thanks. Just what we wanted. That’s like getting your housekeeper a new duster for her birthday. We are actually well-rounded human beings with lives and interests outside of this office, and getting us a work related gift just reminds us that you don’t know us very well and haven’t been paying attention. Plus we don’t need it, it’s impersonal and implies you only see us as paper pushers with no other interests.
• Clothes-for the same reason you shouldn’t buy clothes for your friends and family, you shouldn’t presume to know what your coworkers will like, what size they wear, and how they dress outside the office. And if you give them work clothes, this might imply you don’t approve of the way they currently dress. Pajamas or other intimate items can be misconstrued as sexual harassment, as could any type of sexy outfit you give someone. And you always run the risk of offending your size 6 assistant when you give her a size 12 dress you swore looked like it would fit her.

• Perfume-Bad idea all around. As with clothes, you have no idea what other people like, what they are allergic to, and what reminds them of their dear Aunt Mildred. This also runs the risk or implying that they have an odor problem.

And now, the good ideas:

• Extra Vacation Time-If your company allows this, or you are the owner, a paid day off is always appreciated and makes a great gift. Bonus if you can provide discounted airfare or a gift certificate for a hotel.  If you can’t swing this, letting your assistant leave early or take a long lunch (remember not with you!) on Administrative Professional’s Day is a nice touch-but that alone won’t count as a gift!
• Gift Cards-This is a great way to give us an excuse and money to pamper ourselves. But do your homework, and make sure it’s to a place your assistant will actually use.

Some suggested gift cards : 

• Restaurant, just make sure we actually like it-vegans don’t want a gift card to a steak house, and if you know we’re constantly dieting, we probably won’t want another reason to go to Cheesecake Factory.
• Clothing Store, but again, make sure it’s to a store we would actually go to and is conveniently located (hint: women in their 20s don’t shop at Coldwater Creek or Talbots, and women in their 60s won’t set foot in Forever 21 or Hot Topic). Department Stores such as Macy’s or Nordstrom are appropriate for men and women of all ages, and many shopping malls offer gift cards good at any of the stores within the mall.
• Spa Gift Cards, including gift cards for massages, facials, manicures or pedicures. These are great as it’s a luxury most people don’t indulge in as often as they would like. Just make sure you go to a quality spa or salon that is nearby and that offers a range of services. Some people aren’t comfortable getting massages, can’t tolerate facials, or don’t enjoy pedicures.
• Cash Gift Cards, slightly more gifty than plain old cash, American Express or Visa gift cards let the recipient use them wherever debit or credit cards are accepted, and always make great gifts. Cash is also a safe bet.