During early days, science and technology were separated from each other. Science belonged to philosophers while technology belonged to the tanners, millers, and silversmiths.

In the thirteenth century, science and technology became more closely related. We owe this to Roger Bacon (1214-1294). He designed experiments to confirm scientific theories. This led to a program of reforms in which new areas of scientific studies were opened in the universities of the west. These scientific studies brought together science and technology.

In the nineteenth century, many inventors based their inventions on the works of scientists. Examples are:

1.       Thomas Edison (1847-1931), the inventor of the electric lamp, based his invention on what Michael Faraday (1791-1867) and Joseph Henry (1797-1878) discovered about electricity.

2.       Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922), the inventor of the telephone, based his invention on what Herman Von Helmholtz (1821-1894) discovered about waves.

3.       Guglielmo Marconi (1874-1937), the inventor of the wireless telegraph, based his invention on what Heinrich Hertz (1857-1894) and James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) discovered about electromagnetism.

Today, humanity is increasingly dependent on science and technology to meet its material needs.

Most of the water we use for drinking has been scientifically treated and purified. We use electric appliances at home and in our offices. We use machines that simplify the tasks of daily living. Better clothing is available because science and technology have provided better fabrics and improved methods of textile manufacture. Technology has also made possible the development of better soaps and cleaners to clean our clothes, more nourishing food for our bodies, better materials for building homes, and more effective drugs to cure or prevent diseases.

Other far-reaching developments may accompany the advancement of technology. Examples are language-translation machines that will bring the goal of worldwide communication a step closer; increased success in the transplant of natural vital organs from one person’s body to another; and probably the most dramatic of them all, the establishment of a manned spacecraft on the moon. It is possible what within your lifetime, you may see the partial control of the weather; the complete elimination or control of viral and bacterial diseases; the correction of hereditary defects; and the laboratory creation of primitive forms of artificial life.

Soon many of you will receive computer-based instruction that permits a “conversation” between you and the computer programming, decision theory, and systems analysis more meaningful. We now live in a dynamic age of satellite-relayed television, electromechanical “brains”, guided missiles, and miracle drugs. Each of these far-reaching developments will affect our daily lives. A study of the products of science and a fuller understanding of the role they play in modern society is important.

Technology has helped improved our lives. Through technology we have better shelter and clothing, increased food production, and a higher standard of living. In the field of agriculture, technology has helped improved food production and preservation.

Technology can also have harmful effects. The outcome of technology should be considered and carefully studied to determine its effects on man and society. For instance, gases produced by cars and factories may pollute the air and produce harmful effects. Technology should be used with caution. It should be used to produced new products and develop new methods, which could help many people lead healthy lives. But the harmful effects of technology must be carefully weighed and prevented.

Bell was born on March 3, 1847, in Edinburgh, Scotland, and educated at the universities of Edinburgh and London. He immigrated to Canada in 1870 and to the United States in 1871. In the United States he began teaching deaf-mutes, publicizing the system called visible speech. The system, which was developed by his father, the Scottish educator Alexander Melville Bell, shows how the lips, tongue, and throat are used in the articulation of sound. In 1872 Bell founded a school to train teachers of the deaf in Boston, Massachusetts. The school subsequently became part of Boston University, where Bell was appointed professor of vocal physiology. He became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1882.

Since the age of 18, Bell had been working on the idea of transmitting speech. In 1874, while working on a multiple telegraph, he developed the basic ideas of the telephone. His experiments with his assistant Thomas Watson finally proved successful on March 10, 1876, when he transmitted: “Watson, come here; I want you.” Subsequent demonstrations, particularly one at the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, introduced the telephone to the world and led to the organization of the Bell Telephone Company in 1877.

In 1880 France bestowed on Bell the Volta Prize, worth 50,000 francs, for his invention. With this money he founded the Volta Laboratory in Washington, D.C., where, in that same year, he and his associates invented the photophone, which transmits speech by light rays. Other inventions include the audiometer, used to measure acuity in hearing; the induction balance, used to locate metal objects in human bodies; and the first wax recording cylinder, introduced in 1886. The cylinder, together with the flat wax disc, formed the basis of the modern phonograph.

Bell was one of the cofounders of the National Geographic Society, and he served as its president from 1896 to 1904. He also helped to establish the journal Science by financing it from 1883-1894.

After 1895 Bell’s interest turned mostly to aeronautics. Many of his inventions in this area were first tested near his summer home at Baddeck on Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia, Canada. His study of flight began with the construction of large kites, and in 1907 he devised a kite capable of carrying a person. With a group of associates, including the American inventor and aviator Glenn Hammond Curtiss, Bell developed the aileron, a movable section of an airplane wing that controls roll. They also developed the tricycle landing gear, which first permitted takeoff and landing on a flying field. Applying the principles of aeronautics to marine propulsion, his group started work on hydrofoil boats, which travel above the water at high speeds. His final full-sized “hydrodrome,” developed in 1917, reached speeds in excess of 113 km/h (70 mph) and for many years was the fastest boat in the world.

Bell’s continuing studies on the causes and heredity of deafness led to experiments in eugenics, including sheep breeding, and to his book Duration of Life and Conditions Associated with Longevity (1918). He died on August 2, 1922, at Baddeck, where a museum containing many of his original inventions is maintained by the Canadian government

Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009. © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

The early audio recordings — which revealed recitations of Shakespeare, numbers and other familiar lines — had been packed away and deemed obsolete at the Smithsonian Institution for more than a century. But new technology has allowed them to be recovered and played.

The technology reads the sound from tiny grooves with light and a 3D camera.

The recordings offer a glimpse into the dawn of the information age, when inventors were scrambling to make new discoveries and secure patents for the first telephones and phonographs, even early fiber optics.

A second recording, on a copper negative disc, played back Tuesday reveals a trill of the tongue and someone reciting the numbers 1-2-3-4-5-6.

A third recording catches perhaps the first sound of disappointment as Bell’s recording device seemed to hit a technical glitch.

“Mary had a little lamb and its fleece was white as snow,” a voice says. “Everywhere that Mary went — Oh no!”

On Nov. 17, 1884, Bell’s lab recorded the word “barometer” several times on a glass disc with a beam of light. It and about 200 other experimental records were packed up and given to the Smithsonian, seemingly never to be played again.

The recordings date back to the 1880s. Bell had moved from Boston to Washington after obtaining a patent on March 10, 1876 for his invention of the telephone, which occurred when his employee Thomas Watson heard him shouting over a wire in the next room. He joined a growing group of scientists who made the nation’s capital a hotbed for innovations.

Bell partnered with his cousin Chichester Bell and Charles Sumner Tainter to create Volta Laboratory Associates in Washington in the early 1880s.

During this time, Bell sent the first wireless telephone message on a beam of light from the roof of a downtown Washington building — a forerunner to modern fiber optics. He and other inventors also were scrambling to record sound on anything they could find, including glass, rubber and metal. One early sound record looks like a smashed soup can.

Inventors at the time were in intense competition. Bell, Emile Berliner and Thomas Edison, who invented the phonograph to record sound on tin foil in 1877, each left objects and documentation with the Smithsonian to help prove their innovations were first.

Bell went so far as to seal some devices in tin boxes for safe keeping at the Smithsonian. Edison’s earliest recordings are thought to be lost.

“This stuff makes the hair stand up on the back of my neck,” said Curator Carlene Stephens of the National Museum of American History before Bell’s recordings were played Tuesday. “It’s the past speaking directly to us in a way we haven’t heard before.”

The museum’s collection of about 400 of the earliest audio recordings, including 200 from Bell’s lab, will likely become a key resource for new research on communications and early technology now that they can be played back, Stephens said.

“These materials have been in a cupboard and virtually unknown for decades,” she said. “The collection has been silent.”

The Library of Congress partnered with the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory at the University of California, Berkeley, to offer the first listen of these early recordings Tuesday. Scientists have spent the past 10 years and about $1 million to develop the technology to create high-resolution digital scans of the sound discs.

This year, scholars from the Library of Congress, the Berkeley Lab and the Smithsonian gathered in a new preservation lab at the Library of Congress and recovered sound from those early Bell recordings. A $600,000 three-year grant from the U.S. Institute of Museum and Library Sciences funded the pilot project, and the Smithsonian hopes to continue the work if future grants can be secured.

Advances in computer technology made it possible to play back the recordings, Haber said, noting that 10 years ago specialists would have struggled with computer speeds and storage issues. The digital images that now can be processed into sound within minutes would have taken days to process a decade ago.

Many of the recordings are fragile, and until recently it had not been possible to listen to them without damaging the discs or cylinders.

So far, the sounds of six discs have been successfully recovered through the process, which creates a high-resolution digital map of the disc or cylinder. The map is processed to remove scratches and skips, and software reproduces the audio content to create a standard digital sound file.

Carl Haber, senior scientist at the Berkeley Lab, said Bell’s recordings and others in the fierce competition of the 1880s marked the start of the information age as we know it.

“The whole idea that you could capture the world as it exists” in a recording, he said, “they got that in this period.”

We are at the lowest level if we waste our time in pining for the past and future. This is what the great visionary  poet  Shelley in his immortal lyric To a Skylark very wisely remarks:

We look before and after,

And pine for what is not:

Our sincerest laughter

With some pain is fraught;

Our sweetest songs are those that tell of saddest thought.

The idea of the poet is quite clear. We should avoid pining for our past failures. Moreover, we fritter away our energies in getting obsessed with our future that is a sealed book. Most people fail to grow rapidly as their minds are cluttered with futile broodings. Alexander Graham Bell very aptly says: “When one door closes another door opens; but we so often look so long and so regretfully upon the closed door, that we do not see the ones which open for us.” This famous quote inspires us to move forward discarding our past failures and mistakes.

 We will get a new life if we learn to live in the present moment, and always try our level best to reach our goal. It is easier to think about past and future than to devote ourself completely and wholeheartedly to our life’s purpose. If we live in the present without being haunted by our past mistakes, we will get success in life.

We should  follow this wise advice by Dan Custer:  “Every morning is a fresh beginning. Every day is the world made new. Today is a new day. Today is my world made new. I have lived all my life up to this moment, to come to this day. This moment–this day–is as good as any moment in all eternity. I shall make of this day–each moment of this day–a heaven on earth. This is my day of opportunity.”

These are very educative words, and we should follow this message to make ourself happy. If we have a positive thought that each day is a new start, we won’t get frustrated. We spoil our mornings with the clutter of the past in our tired brains.

The truth is that  every day is a new day, and we should never spoil its beauty with negative memories. This is what Yoga and Zen meditation also teach us: live in the present, and concentrate on the immediate tasks to be done.  Dan Custer is very right that we should turn each moment of today into a paradise on earth.

Many Americans know as the Columbus Day a national holiday commemorating the arrival of Italian American explorer of the Americas October 12, 1492.

However, the holiday is more than the discovery of the Americas, is also a day dedicated to celebrating the entrepreneurial spirit of Americans, people who are willing to buck conventional wisdom and take the risk involved in discovering their dreams.

For this question, you can make a case that Columbus himself was an entrepreneur, back when taking risks meant more than maxing out your credit card.

Some of the findings revealed by U.S. Computer graphics include:

Electromagnetic motor: 1830 by Joseph Henry

Phone: 1876 Alexander Graham Bell

In essence Car: 1892 by Charles and Frank Duryea

Television: Philo Farnsworth 1927 by

Tennis: 1972 Noland Bushnell

World Wide Web Consortium: 1994, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

These discoveries have changed in such a way that Americans in their daily lives, opening the way for new companies and create American jobs. They can also be quite successful inventors and companies responsible for the new technologies, especially when they get the patent work.

With 76 percent of start-up leaders that patents are essential to their fundraising efforts, and the patent takes an average of 33.5 months from time of application of a decision in 2011, entrepreneurs must often take a risk to finance their start-up and will take several years to see the risk is worth it. With the average cost of about $ 30,000 starting to take shape, business owners often rely on the following sources of funding, available through a study of women business owners:

Corporate credit cards (59 per cent of respondents)

Personal savings / family (44 percent)

Line of credit from a financial institution (38 percent)

Personal credit card (34 percent)

Lending activities of financial institutions (26 percent)

“These Americans to make a huge financial risk to follow their dreams,” said Charles Tran CreditDonkey founder. “They want to put everything on the line to see their dreams into reality and help create new jobs in their communities. They really make sacrifices every day, sometimes does not pay, but when it addresses the whole nation benefits.”

So what is the gain of the entrepreneurial spirit that has continued to be adopted by the Americans, or about 3 million jobs, creating new businesses each year. This is an award holiday.

For More info Here

Bell: Image via Wikipedia

Music was sent down a telephone line for the first time in the year that the telephone was invented – 1876!

The first “email” was sent in 1972. Ray Tomlinson was the sender and it was his idea to use a @ sign to separate the name of the sender and the name of the server.

Henry McKinley came up with the word “sneaker”. He was an advertising agent for N. W. Ayer and Son. Or … the Boston Journal of Education used the term in 1887. The sneaker was created by a Victorian London cop, who wanted a rubber-soled shoe in order to “sneak up” on criminals and catch them in the act – without making a noise.

Alexander Graham Bell and Elisha Gray filed for patents for their telephone inventions within hours of each other back in 1876. They also filed lawsuits and eventually the patent went to Bell.

Cows have no upper front teeth, however cows still manage to graze 8 hours a day and eat roughly 45 kilograms (100 pounds) of feed as well as much water as it would take to fill a bathtub – need to wash all that down!

Some scholars think that our superstition revolving around the number 13 may come from early man. There is a theory that early man could not count past the number 12. This theory is based on the knowledge that in many languages, numbers past the number twelve are often said as a combination, e.g. the number fifteen is said as the number ten and the number five.

In 1646, a German priest made a projector. Athanasius Kircher used a candle or oil lamp to project hand-painted images onto a white sheet or screen. He called a later device that used reflection to project images, his “catotrophic lamp”.

Vending machines have been around since the first century AD. Hero, a mathematician and engineer, lived in Alexandria, Egypt. He made a machine that dropped a coin into a slot on the top. The weight of the coin would fall into a pan which activated a lever which pulled a lever and opened a valve to dispense holy water. The pan with the coin continued to tilt under the weight if the coin until it fell off and a counter-weight turned the valve off.

Kircher: Image via Wikipedia

Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922) was the discoverer of America, and teacher for the deaf, and he was known as the inventor of the telephone (telephone). 

Born on March 3, 1847, in Edinburgh, Scotland, and educated at the University of Edinburgh and London. Then in 1870 he moved to Canada and then moved again to America in 1871. In the United States he began teaching the deaf and dumb, the popularization of the system called ‘visual language’. System developed by his father, Alexander Melville Bell, who showed how the lips, tongue, and throat are used in describing the sound. 

In his childhood, he has shown curiosity is very large in this world, which led him often to collect samples of plants. Together with his good friend who has a corn mill which is also a neighbor, he often made a fuss, and one day his father said, “Why do not you make something more useful?” It was Alexander Graham Bell said, what needs to be done. And his best friend’s father told that wheat should be separated with her skin. At the age of 12 years, Alexander made a simple device that combines a rotating paddle brush with a series of spikes to separate the wheat with the skin. The equipment can operate properly for years, and as a ‘gift’, his father gave them a chance to play in a garage (workshop) small to make ‘new discoveries’. 

Since the age of 18 years, Bell has been researching the idea of ​​how to transmit and transfer words. In 1874 when he was working on the telegraph, he developed the idea of ​​a new foundation for the telephone. Experiments done with his assistant Thomas Watson finally proved successful on March 10, 1876, when the word was transmitted: “Watson, come here; I want you.” (Watson, come here, I need you). A series of demonstrations the use of telephone, has introduced the telephone to the world and led by his company, Bell Telephone Company in 1877.

Image via Wikipedia

Alexander Graham Bell, the young professor of speech, began his experiments with electricity. He was so impressed with Charles Wheatstone, the inventor of the magnetic needle telegraph that he was determined to follow his footsteps. 

Bell was keen to develop a telegraph system through which many messages could be sent the same time. He felt’s that this could be achieved by sending each message on a separate, specially tuned, steel strip or reed. Each reed would vibrate a different number of times per second and so produce a different musical note.

Image via Wikipedia

Such an experiment was being carried out by Bell of June 2, 1875. A receiving reed, which was being watched closely by his assistant, Thomas Watson in another room, failed to vibrate. Watson thought the reed was stuck and pulled at it. When e did that, a similar receiving reed vibrated in Bell’s room.

“What’s this!’’ said Bell astonished, but realized almost immediately that he had it upon something great. He had discovered that a tiny electricity current caused by one vibrating steel strip or reed was powerful enough to cause another reed to vibrate audibly. He also realized that instead of a single note the reed had reproduced several notes. Human speech is also made up of a mixture of sounds of different frequencies and Bell believed that he could use this system to transmit the human voice.

Lo and behold, a month later, Bell produced a pair of simple telephones.

Bell had made a deep study on sounds as he had always wanted to help deaf and dumb children. He knew that a stretched membrane would be more suitable for sound reproduction than a reed. He used an iron diaphragm. On March 10, 1876, when he accidentally discovered that is telephone worked, his joy knew no bounds.

It was the first time n the world tat people could talk to each other over long distance and feel that they had almost met the person. After all there can be no substitute for a human voice.

Bell was keen to promote the idea of this device and traveled extensively in the United States and Europe to spread the word.

But people laughed at him. In London a postal official said it would never catch on because there were sufficient messenger boys.

Finally on January 24, 1878, Bell carried out a demonstration for Queen Victoria at Osborne house on the Isle of Wight. So impressed was the queen that she asked Bell to supply her with telephones immediately.

Bell received his early schooling at home from his father. Later on he was enrolled at the Royal High School, Edinburgh. His grades were very bad at school. He left the school when he was 15 years. He moved to London to live with his grandfather. 

Bell joined Weston House Academy as a pupil-teacher of elocution and music. Later he attended University of Edinburgh. In the year 1868, he moved to Canada with his family. There the family purchased a farm at Tutela Heights near Brantford, Ontario. Bell set up a workshop here and used work for long hours. 

Alexander Graham Bell’s mother and wife were deaf. This fact is believed to have had a great influence on his work. His research on hearing devices led to the invention of telephone. He was awarded the US patent for the telephone in the year 1876. He was a voracious reader of Encyclopedia Britannica. He used to search its pages for new areas of interest. He invented metal detector in the year 1881. 

Image via Wikipedia

Alexander Graham Bell’s contributions to aeronautics, hydrofoils and optical telecommunications are immense. He also loved art, poetry and music. He mastered the piano without formal training! He was a telented ventriloquist. He used to entertain family guests with this talent. 

Bell translated the unwritten vocabulary of the Mohawk language into visible speech symbols. He was awarded with the title of the honorary chief of the tribe for this contribution. He served as a professor of Vocal Physiology and Elocution at the Boston University School of Oratory. During this period he spent summers in Canada. 

Bell established the Bell Telephone Company in the year 1877. He married Mabel Hubbard in the same year. His wedding gift to his wife was 1487 of the 1497 shares of his new company. The couple had a year long honeymoon in Europe. They had four children. 

Bell with his wife Mabel Hubbard (Image via Wikipedia)

This pioneer in the field of telecommunications died due to diabetic complications in the year 1922. He was a naturalized citizen of the US. All the three countries where he lived (Scotland, Canada and the US) claim him as their “native son”. In the year 1940, a stamp bearing his image was issued by the US Post Office as a mark of honor. 

Image via Wikipedia

For more articles from the same author, please visit http://marketinghowto.net/

In great excitement, the two men took turns to speak into the telephone. At first, the sound was fuzzy and muffled. Then Aleck heard Watson ask, “Mr. Bell, do you understand what I say?’’ the words were loud and clear.

Cover of Alexander Graham Bell (Kids Can Read)

Aleck was only 32 years old. He set up an inventions factory were inventors could work on their ideas.

Aleck’s other inventions included a gramophone for recording and playing sounds, and a metal detector for finding bullets in people who had been shot. He also invented a respirator. This was a machine that helped people with breathing problems to breathe artificially.

Image by Wikipedia Saves Public Art via Flickr

The telephone brought Aleck fame and fortune. But first he had to show it off. To begin with, people were suspicious of the telephone. Some even thought it was a hoax. Aleck had to convince them that his invention could really change their lives.

Image via Wikipedia

Soon everyone wanted to know about the telephone. Over the next four years, Alecks was asked to give many lectures and demonstration, including one to Queen Victoria.

Aleck was always busy. But he still had one burning ambition. He wanted to make a flying machine. He really worked hard for it. In 1908, he and some friends won a trophy or building a plane that flew further than a kilometer.

Image by The Library of Congress via Flickr

Aleck died in 1922 at the age of 75 years. He had carried on working right till the end. As a sign of respect, all telephones in the USA were silent for a minute at his funeral.

Bell’s name will always be linked to the telephone. But he never stopped his work for the deaf. Alexander Graham bell Association for the Deaf and hard of Hearing in Washington DC is still a worldwide centre for the study of hearing difficulties.