The Pyramid of Amenemhet I at Lisht

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    The Old Kingdom of Egyptian history had come to an end. Khufu and other builders of the portentous pyramids of Giza had passed from the earthly scene. Egypt was divided, until Theban rulers of the Eleventh Dynasty reunited Egypt once more.

     This set the stage for Amenemhet I. Originally a vizier of the last Eleventh Dynasty king, he succeeded his master and became the first ruler of the Twelfth Dynasty.

     Egyptian kings had several names. Significantly, the Horus name of Amenemhet was Wehemmesu, which means “rebirth,” according to many different sources. He evidently looked upon his reign as a rebirth of Egypt: a resurrection after the decay that set in following the close of the Sixth Dynasty. A literary work called “The Words of Neferti” reinforced this idea. This work was probably written during the reign of Amenemhet I, or not long after it; but it pretends to be the prophecy of a priest who lived during the reign of Snefru, the founder of the Fourth Dynasty of the Old Kingdom. In the presence of Snefru, Neferti prophesies that a period of chaos will occur but that stability will be restored by a king called Ameny, apparently referring to Amenemhet I.

     Amenemhet ruled for thirty years. All sources that I consulted place his reign in the twentieth century B.C. However, there is no agreement on the exact dates. In various sources, the date for the commencement of his reign ranges from 1991 B.C to as late as 1938 B.C. Personally, I do not have too much confidence in current dates assigned to ancient Egyptian history; but until more accurate information is established, it is wise to work within the framework of current scholarly opinion.

     Amenemhet evidently was a strong ruler. He managed to control the provincial governors, who were called nomarchs because they ruled over political entities called nomes. By building fortifications and by military campaigns, he provided for national security. At this time, the Egyptians dwelt along the banks of the Nile from the delta in the North to Elephantine in the south. The site of Elephantine was close to modern Aswan.

     Amenemhet did not remain at Thebes, where his predecessors had resided, but moved his capital to Itj-tawy in an oasis called the Faiyum, south of Memphis and west of the Nile. Modern Al-Lisht is in the general area. It is considerably north of Thebes, but reasonably close to the delta.

     Amenemhet built temples in various places, such as the temple of Ptah at Memphis. He also built a pyramid and mortuary temple for his mortal remains. However, his pyramid was considerably smaller than the great pyramids built by Fourth Dynasty kings.

     Ten years before his death, Amenemhet decided to allow his son Senwosret I to rule jointly with him. “Sesostris” is another form of Senwosret’s name. As far as is currently known, coregency was an innovation never before practiced by the Egyptian monarchy.

     “The Teachings of Amenemhat” give some information concerning this ruler. The author of this work is unknown. It contains instruction that Senwosret supposedly received when his father appeared to him in a dream after he had died. 

     In this work, Amenemhet professes to be a ruler who cared for his people. He says: “I gave to the beggar, I raised the orphan, and I made the man who had not end up like someone who had.”

     He also complains of ingratitude. While he was lying in bed and ill prepared to fight, he was attacked by his own bodyguard. Apparently this attack resulted in his death.  

     He also describes his accomplishments. He protected Egypt from her enemies, provided her with grain, and built a “mansion adorned with gold,” referring to his mortuary temple.

     He also claims to have subjugated the Nubians, a people south of Egypt, who lived in what is now the northern part of Sudan.

     The death of Amenemhet figured in another Egyptian literary work called “The Tale of Sinuhe.” Sinuhe hears of the unexpected death of Amenemhet, becomes alarmed, and flees from Egypt. After an adventurous life in foreign lands, the new king of Egypt invites him to return and gives him the rank of governor.

References

“The Tale of Sinuhe and Other Ancient Egyptian Poems (1940-1640); translated by R.B. Parkinson, with introduction and notes

Merit Students Encyclopedia

Wikipedia: Amenemhat I

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amenemhat_I

Encyclopaedia Britannica: Amenemhet I

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/19150/Amenemhet-I

St. Louis University: Ancient Egypt

http://euler.slu.edu/~bart/egyptianhtml/kings%20and%20Queens/Amenemhat_I.html 

Archaeologists in Egypt, the Pharaonic tomb of the singer in the Valley of the Kings in Luxor in Upper Egypt.
The detection of this vault a team of scientists from the University of Basil, Switzerland by accident.
Is known for it’s mummy singer Nhms Bastet, who was a singer temple during the reign ofpharaonic dynasty twenty-second, which ruled between 945 and 712 BC, according to the inscriptions on the coffin.
Mansour said BRIC Director General for the effects of Luxor he found the tomb which is in excellent condition, and the coffin will be opened next week.
Scientists expect to find a mummy wrapped in burial shrouds covering her face.
Said Pauline Groth us from the University of Basil, the vault was built to accommodate a female singer, but was re-used after 400 years of first use it.
The minister says the Egyptian Antiquities Mohamed Ibrahim said the mummy belonged toa woman who lived nearly three thousand years, the daughter of a priest in the Amun.
The Egyptian minister added that the importance of the discovery is that the Valley of the Kings also used for the burial of ordinary people as well as priests of the pharaonic dynasty twenty-second.
This is the second newly discovered tomb in the Valley of the Kings since the discovery oftomb and sarcophagus of Tutankhamen in 1922.
The first tomb discovered in 2006, which contained seven coffins were found in any of them on the mummy.
  Source: BBC Arabic

Minister of Antiquities of Egypt, Mohammed Ibrahim on Sunday said Nehmes Bastet’s tomb was discovered by accident by Swiss archaeologists.

A wooden inscription found on the tomb. The inscription indicates that the cemetery was the resting place of the daughter of former high priest of Amon and singing for the worship of the supreme god Amon Ra during the 22nd Dynasty, who ruled between 945 BC and 712 BC.

The name “Bastet” refers to a cat goddess in ancient Egyptian religion and suggests that the singer was deemed protected by the gods.

In 1922, also found the gold mask of King Tutankhamun in the Valley of Luxor. Until now still found the tomb and objects associated with the royal family of Ancient Egypt.

The discovery of the tomb is very important Bustet. Due to uncover new facts. So far, this complex is regarded as the funeral of the king. However, with the discovery of the tomb Bustet, indicate the place is also used for the tombs of ordinary people. “Shows that in the Valley of the Kings are also used for funerals in addition to the usual funeral priests of the 22nd Dynasty,” said Mohammed Ibrahim.

In addition to this invention, also found coffin to-64. The possibility that the coffin would be opened this weekend.

The discovery was actually a rare coincidence. The inventor is a team of scientists from the University of Basel, Switzerland, led by Pauline-Elena Grothe and Susanne Bickel. The tomb is found precisely in the area of ​​Karnak, Luxor.

Ibrahim, said that the figure of the singer who was buried was the daughter of Pastor Amon. Singer’s name is Nehmes Bastet. He is a singer for the worship of the god Amon Ra at the 22nd ruling dynasty (945-712 BC).

The identity of the singer stated in an inscription from wood found in the tomb. According to archaeologists, the discovery is quite important.

“This shows that the Valley of the Kings are also used as tombs of ordinary people and religious leaders from dynasty to-22,” said Ibrahim. Because, during this, the whole tomb found in Valley of the Kings of Ancient Egypt refers to the family.

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The Egyptian civilization was a beacon in history by its science and its cultural manifestations. The Egyptians built the pyramids, the paths hidden in the mazes and a very strong system of traditional therapies, the many unknown factors and results of which seem downright mystical to the modern society. As we study the Egyptian culture, we see even nowadays that the Egyptian civilization attained a peak of development in the history of humankind. Their deeds and their achievements, though, do not seem to fit in their age and in the history of the society of their time. The Egyptians thought that man is born physically healthy. Disorders occur because of a polluted living environment, and of a planet that broke its connection with divinity. Very developed though they were, the Egyptians did not think they had enough culture to understand divinity. According to the Egyptians’ beliefs, the human body gets sick both because external and internal factors. Diet was vital for health; food abuse or starvation harmed equally the body.

If food is not well digested in the stomach, the putrefaction processes occur, a thing that may lead to death. Among the external factors, they also mention polluted air, maggots that are transmitted from animals to everything, causing infections, and insects that make blood exchanges between various species.The Egyptian physicians thought there were special channels for blood circulation. The divinity blows energy into them constantly, thus maintaining the human body. They ascertained the patient’s health condition by feeling his pulse and by comparing it with their own pulse. They gave a special attention to each patient. They could tell a pregnant woman and they could tell the fetus’ gender by using bamboo leaves and salt. The gender was ascertained with great accuracy every time; there was no mistaking it ever. Taking into account the fact that the pregnant woman’s urine helps cereals grow, the testing was done in the following way: were the pregnant woman to give birth to a boy, wheat grew stronger where she had urinated; were a girl to be born, barley grew.

It is a proven and genuine testing method, one that Europeans successfully used, too, in the Middle Ages.An Egyptian woman gave birth crouched in a squatting position, supported by another woman; the latter one held her hands upon the pregnant woman’s knees, holding her. Women used to breastfeed their children until the age of three. To ensure fertility and the future baby’s health, the Egyptians used extracts of various herbs mixed with crocodile fat and acacia juice, ingredients that have proven their therapeutic value to this day. However, this formula, containing several more herbal admixtures, has potent effects for both sexes.The main data about a person’s health were provided by the mobility of the neck.

Where there was reduced mobility, the physicians started running tests, because it was the first sign of disorder.Again, the Egyptians proved to be among the first civilizations mastering the embalming technique, by methods unequalled to the present day, as well as the method of preserving the human body.The Egyptian physicians also had notions of surgery. They performed surgeries successfully and treated multiple injuries countless times. The flesh wounds were sewn by thread and needle, using special techniques. On the first say of sewing, the wound was dressed in animal meat to prevent bleeding. Animal meat has a coagulant effect in contact with human flesh.As bandages, the Egyptians used dressings of vegetal fibers as well as medicinal herbs for treatment and quick recovery.

Located in Egypt’s Western Desert, the Bhariya Oasis, was an agricultural center thousands of years ago, and now is home to many archaeological sites. It was here where a great temple was built for Alexander the Great. In 1996, a security guard was making his rounds when one of the legs of his donkey stumbled into a hole, revealing what it looked like an opening to a tomb. The next day a team of archaeologists were directed by Dr. Hawass (one of the most famous archaeologist of all time) to excavate. They uncovered thousands of mummies that date back to the Greco-Roman period in ancient Egypt. Because there is a diversity of mummies, Dr. Hawass believes that the this site was the final resting place for many levels of society, including wealthy people, members of the middle class and low income people. Dr. Hawass also believes that there are as many as 10,000 mummies lying under the site, waiting to be discovered. 

Ramesses II

He was Egypt’s most powerful pharaoh, he ruled for six decades (c. 1279-1213 B.C.), lived to be 90 years old and he had 100 children. His final resting place was in the Valley of the Kings, but ancient Egyptian priests moved his body to another location to confuse tomb robbers.

In 1881, Ramesses II’s mummy was found in a secret royal place in Deir el-Bahri.

Ginger

The mummy was named Ginger because of its red hair. Ginger is the oldest known mummy in existence, dating back to 3400 B.C.  Artificial mummification during this area was not a common practice. Ginger’s body was naturally dried and preserved by the sand in which the mummy was buried. Ginger’s mummy went on display at the British Museum in 1901, becoming the first mummy to be exhibited in the world. 

Polytheistic beliefs have exhibited structures that differ according to

the communities and times in which they have evolved. The polytheistic

beliefs in ancient Egypt differ greatly from the polytheism of

India. However, these systems have something in common. Every god

has his apportioned domain where he exerts his sovereignty. The sun

is a god, so is the moon, and the divinity whose sanctuary is the hills

is another such being. Some of these control the rains, others the

winds; some have control over the mountains, some over the rivers…

In opposition to belief-systems that parcel out the universe, the

monotheistic religions, namely Judaism, Christianity and Islam, saw

the universe as a whole. These religions professed that severance and

sundering could not be imagined in a universe created by one God.

According to these religions what seems to be divided is but in

appearance only, while the essence of the universe is one whole; the

universe ruled over by God is one entity, with every one of its points

being interrelated with all the other points.

King Tut’s story has been told thousands of times, but is hard to tell what is fiction and what is real. Here are some rumors about the curse of King Tut:

The day the tomb was opened, a cobra bit Lord Carnarvon. The cobra was the symbol of the ancient pharaohs. The truth is that, a cobra did not kill Carnarvon. A mosquito bit him. The bite became infected and he contracted pneumonia–he died soon after. Lord Carnarvon was the man who had financed the excavation of King Tut. 

Here’s what really happened: Cobras are indeed known to be the symbol of the ancient Pharaohs, and there was another rumor about Howard’s pet canary being eaten by a cobra. But that was just another rumor. Howard did have a pet canary, but he gave it to a friend, and her friend gave it to a bank manager. The cobra didn’t kill anybody. 

Lady and Lord Carnarvon in June 1921

Carnarvon’s dog howled, and dropped dead back in England when Carnarvon died.

You know what they say about dogs being psychic. Perhaps the dog knew his owner was dying, and he decided that it was time for him to go as well. And when Carnarvon died in Cairo, the lights across Cairo went out. He died on April 5, 1923. 

To make things more interesting, when the body (mummy) of King Tut was unwrapped two years later, archaeologists found a wound on the left cheek in the same exact position as the bite on Lord Carnarvo’s cheek. 

Image taken from:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Herbert,_5th_Earl_of_Carnarvon

Chris Brazier succeeds in producing a highly informative tome on World History from the Ancient civilizations through to the present day and the challenges of the twenty – first century.

He succicntly describes the expansion and then the decline of Ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome, plus how they still influence the modern world. Brazier also describes the influence that religions in general, and Christianity alongside Islam in particular have had upon global history.

Important chapters include God and the spirit, Greek and Latin, Wars of the cross, not to mention The Radical 20th century. There is also a useful postscript that deals with the impact of 9/11.