Before we get into the controversy behind these explosives, let’s learn some history behind them. Prior to this event, Adolf Hitler had killed himself and Germany surrendered, but the Japanese were still fighting. Roosevelt had been devising ways for the U.S. to get Japanese compliance in a peaceful matter, but he died in office before getting far enough. Truman now took office and authorized a secret organization for the development of an atomic bomb (known as the Manhattan Project), and planned on using it. Since Germany was no longer at war with us, Japan was to be the victim. Choosing which cities to plot was a difficult decision, but it was finally decided that Hiroshima and Nagasaki would be prime targets because they were virtually untouched by any other air raid that had occurred until that time. The bombs were dropped on each city, three days apart, killing between 100-300k civilians in all, and leaving both cities in rubble and radiation stricken. We did this because the U.S. wanted unconditional surrender from Japan, which we did, and believe it or not, it wasn’t even a controversial issue until after the war ended.

                Some people claim that the bombing was a necessary step to winning World War II. The first reason they think this is because Truman convinced the country that it was the best option! It was effective for getting unconditional surrender from Japan, and for lessening U.S. casualties by avoiding an invasion. It was something ‘quick, easy, and effective.’ Another view point is that, we created it, why not have us be the very first to use it? It’s our right! It’s said that if it wouldn’t have been dropped on Japan, then it would have destroyed Germany, either way, the bomb’s use would be inevitable. Lastly, it’s justified in total war, which is being involved in a war that cannot be won without warfare of some kind, the enemy being completely destroyed. 

               While some think it was fine to use the atomic bomb, others disagree. Some people think that it was totally unnecessary to use it and that there were other ways to win the war. We could have invaded the main Japanese island, though having more casualties, or we could have used a blockade tactic on Japanese harbors. We could have also bombed military bases, keeping civilians out of the destruction. Not only that, but the long-term effects were worse than the benefits. More peaceful methods could have been used instead of this immoral uranium-based killer, and besides that, it lead to the arms race! The Cold War was costly and completely useless to have gotten involved in.

                I believe that the atomic bomb should never have been used on Japan. The first reason I say this is because our president wasn’t being entirely honest. Before putting the Manhattan Project into action, President Truman had sent a letter to Einstein about the atomic bomb. Einstein replied, stating that while it would be a phenomenal technological advancement, it would have to be used once it was created, no matter what. And boy was he right. As stated earlier, if not Japan, Germany would have taken the hit from the bomb. Also, when Truman’s diary was discovered in 1979, he wrote that though he’d gotten many attempts from Japan to surrender on fair terms, he was unwilling to barter. With Japan’s German allies defeated, Japan was weakening rapidly. Robert Messer, a historian from  the University of Illinois concludes that “prior to November 1st, Japan would have surrendered even if the atomic bombs had not been dropped, even if Russia had not entered the war, and even if no invasion had been planned or contemplated.” We also could have specified our ‘unconditional surrender.” The reason they were unwilling to surrender was because they thought they were going to lose their emperor. We could have simply stated that they could keep their emperor (much like we did after the War).That would have been faster and easier to do. Dropping the Atomic Bomb wasn’t seen as immoral until after the war; but wouldn’t it have been obvious that the bomb was a problem if Roosevelt wanted peace instead? All Japan wanted was a way out, and Truman stubbornly ignored them.

                Each arguing side has their reasons to believe they are right in the debate of the dropping of the atomic bomb, but in reality, it was ridiculous to use it. We could have restated our unconditional surrender to let them know they could keep their emperor. We could have not ignored their peace offerings, and we had other tactics we could have used! The long-term effects on Japan just weren’t worth it. We could have easily used other strategies! But instead, we killed hundreds of thousands of people, put unneeded radiation into our atmosphere, and opened the gate to the Cold War. Dropping the atomic bomb surely wasn’t our brightest move, but the past is the past and we can’t change it now. But we could have avoided the hurt and the hate towards America and also avoided the danger of nuclear weapons. These are only some of the reasons why I believe that the atomic bomb shouldn’t have been used, and should never be used again. Bombing for peace is like having sex for virginity, it just doesn’t make any sense.

SEOUL, South Korea (AP) — Recent satellite images show North Korea is digging a new underground tunnel in what appears to be preparation for a third nuclear test, according to South Korean intelligence officials.

The excavation at North Korea’s northeast Punggye-ri site, where nuclear tests were conducted in 2006 and 2009, is in its final stages, according to a report by intelligence officials that was shared Monday with The Associated Press.

Its release comes as North Korea prepares to launch a long-range rocket that Washington and others say is a cover for testing missile technology that could be used to fire on the United States.

Observers fear a repeat of 2009, when international criticism of the North’s last long-range rocket launch prompted Pyongyang to walk away from nuclear disarmament negotiations and, weeks later, conduct its second nuclear test. A year later, 50 South Korean were killed in attacks blamed on the North.

“North Korea is covertly preparing for a third nuclear test, which would be another grave provocation,” said the report, which cited U.S. commercial satellite photos taken April 1. “North Korea is digging up a new underground tunnel at the Punggye-ri nuclear test site, in addition to its existing two underground tunnels, and it has been confirmed that the excavation works are in the final stages.”

Dirt believed to have been brought from other areas is piled at the tunnel entrance, the report said, something experts say is needed to fill up tunnels before a nuclear test. The dirt indicates a “high possibility” North Korea will stage a nuclear test, the report said, as plugging tunnels was the final step taken during its two previous underground nuclear tests.

U.S. State Department spokeswoman Victoria Nuland told reporters she was not in a position to confirm whether North Korea was preparing for a nuclear test after the rocket launch, but she said such actions would only isolate its communist government further.

She said a launch would be “highly provocative” and a nuclear test “would be equally bad, if not worse.”

“They should not be doing either,” she told a news briefing in Washington. “Any of these types of action are just going to isolate them and make it harder for them to be part of the world community and to give their people a better quality of life.”

Nuland said the U.S. was urging China to use its influence with North Korea to dissuade it from going ahead with the launch.

Asked about Japanese and South Korean preparations to shoot down any parts of the rocket that threaten to fall on their territory, Nuland said that countries in the region have the right to “self-defense.”

North Korea announced plans last month to launch an observation satellite using a three-stage rocket during mid-April celebrations of the 100th anniversary of the birth of North Korean founder Kim Il Sung.

The U.S., Japan, Britain and other nations have urged North Korea to cancel the launch, warning that firing the long-range rocket would violate U.N. resolutions and North Korea’s promise to refrain from engaging in nuclear and missile activity.

Nuland declined to specify what consequences Pyongyang might face if the launch goes ahead — although the U.S. has made clear it would terminate its plans to send food aid. Could this be a good approach?

The United States dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, contrary to popular belief, in order to demonstrate its use to Soviet Russia. The intent was to intimidate them into being more controllable in European affairs to prevent the spread of communist influence among European nations.

            The Japanese were already on the brink of collapse when the atomic bombs were dropped. Traditional explosives had already wiped out most of their industries, and supplies had been blocked from coming in which made it difficult to continue combat operations with the U.S.[1] Admiral William D. Leahy, chairman of the Joint Chiefs, spoke out against the bombings at Hiroshima and Nagasaki, “The Japanese were already defeated and ready to surrender because of the effective sea blockade and the successful bombing with conventional weapons.”[2] General H.H. Arnold, Commander of the American Army Air Force, concurred, “Accordingly, it always appeared to us that, atomic bomb or no atomic bomb, the Japanese were already on the verge of collapse.”[3] Ralph A. Bard, Undersecretary of the Navy, believed that Japan was looking for a means of surrender. “During recent weeks I have also had the feeling very definitely that the Japanese government may be searching for some opportunity which they could use as a medium of surrender.” [4] The U.S. had ulterior motives behind the bombings, since Japan likely was, for all intents and purposes, already defeated.

            Secretary of State James Byrnes indicated to nuclear physicist Leo Szilard in 1945 that his primary concern was Soviet Russia, not Japan. “At that time Mr. Byrnes was much concerned about the spreading of Russian influence in Europe…. Mr. Byrnes’ concern about Russia I fully shared, but his view that our possessing and demonstrating the bomb would make Russia more manageable in Europe I was not able to share.”[5]

In a meeting of the Target Committee at Los Alamos in May of 1945, the idea of using the atomic bomb to capture Russia’s attention was subtly hinted at. Targets were selected based on the idea of, “making the initial use sufficiently spectacular for the importance of the weapon to be internationally recognized when publicity on it is released.”[6] The United States was more concerned with demonstrating its nuclear capability to the Soviets than with subduing Japan.

It is undeniable from the above evidence that the U.S. had hidden motives regarding the use of the atomic bomb. Not only was Japan already near defeat, but a key nuclear expert stated that government officials expressed a primary concern with the Soviet Union, not with Japan. It is apparent that the U.S. was determined to drop those bombs to overawe Soviet Russia, regardless of Japan’s war status.

[1] Memoirs of General H. H. Arnold, Commander of the American Army Air Force in the Second World War (1949), excerpted, TheHistoryProfessor, http://www.thehistoryprofessor.com/ASS_PDF/A4_The_atomic_Bomb.pdf (accessed 5 Nov. 2011)

[2] Admiral William D. Leahy, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs, William Leahy, I Was There, excerpted, Hiroshima: Was It Necessary? http://www.doug-long.com/leahy.htm (accessed 5 Nov. 2011), pg. 441

[3] Memoirs of General H. H. Arnold, Commander of the American Army Air Force in the Second World War (1949), excerpted, TheHistoryProfessor, http://www.thehistoryprofessor.com/ASS_PDF/A4_The_atomic_Bomb.pdf (accessed 5 Nov. 2011)

[4] U.S. National Archives, Record Group 77, Records of the Chief of Engineers, Manhattan Engineer District, Harrison-Bundy File, folder #77, “Interim Committee, International Control,” excerpted, TheHistoryProfessor, http://www.thehistoryprofessor.com/ASS_PDF/A4_The_atomic_Bomb.pdf (accessed 8 Nov. 2011)

[5] Nuclear physicist Leo Szilard’s recollection of a 1945 meeting between Secretary of State James Byrnes and a group of concerned atomic scientists (1949), excerpted, TheHistoryProfessor, http://www.thehistoryprofessor.com/ASS_PDF/A4_The_atomic_Bomb.pdf (accessed 5 Nov. 2011)

[6] U.S. National Archives, Record Group 77, Records of the Office of the Chief of Engineers, Manhattan Engineer District, TS Manhattan Project File ‘42-’46, folder 5D Selection of Targets, 2 Notes on Target Committee Meetings, excerpted, TheHistoryProfessor, http://www.thehistoryprofessor.com/ASS_PDF/A4_The_atomic_Bomb.pdf (accessed 5 Nov. 2011)

According to “Daily Mail” about 400 thousand Americans over the years have been defined  as “atom veterans” – a term describing exposure to various amounts of Radiation. Half of them, according to estimates, served in Hiroshima and Nagasaki – the two cities suffered the only atomic bombs used over the years. The rest are graduates of the military trials in the United States which lasted until 1962.
For many years, the medical research that investigate the grim results of the experiments kept hidden from public. The results are: chronic disease, various cancers, genetic disorders and multiple inheritance of physical and mental defects.

The bombings actually had more meaning than simply ending the war. Each interpretation of the bombings has an obvious link to the interests of the United States. Because of these special interests, the morality and ethics of the bombing is questionable. It is obvious that the United States was the only country who stood to gain anything from the bombings.

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Some may say that we had to end the war so that we could put ourselves in a better position in the world; this position would later enable us to help other countries. Others argue that our actions were selfish, ruthless, and outright destructive. Although there are many opinions on the atomic bombing of Japan, we cannot change history; we can only reflect upon our past actions and strive to be better.

Military Reasons for Bombing

One of the most popular explanations for the bombing was for military reasons, to end the war immediately. Ending the war promptly prevented the need for future invasions, which saved more lives in the long run. Based on previous battles with Japan, the United States knew that more battles would result in a great deal of bloodshed. (Oh, n.d.) The Japanese army was determined to fight us with everything they had, which meant there were a lot of casualties.

End the War Quickly by Forcing Surrender

Shortly before the atomic bombs were dropped, it was obvious that Japan was near defeat but they were not necessarily ready to surrender. There was no question that we would defeat Japan, but the United States wanted to do so more quickly than it was happening. The atomic bomb was more about ending the war as immediately than it was about defeating Japan. (Cooper, 2000)

Keep Russia Out of the War

Russia was eager to join the war in order to help us defeat Japan, but we did not want their help. The United States feared Russian involvement because we did not want Russia to feel entitled to gaining anything, such as territory in Asia, from the imminent defeat. To allow such a territorial gain would surely mean the spread of Communism, which the United States did not want because we considered Russia one of our greatest enemies at the time. One of the main motivations for dropping the bombs was to force Japan to surrender; we knew that this tool was key in getting the Emperor to end the fighting. (Cooper, 2000)

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Political Reasons for Bombing

In addition to military reasons, there were also many political reasons behind the bombing of Japan. The creation and testing of the atomic bomb was a very expensive project, so many government officials felt that the value of the bomb must be demonstrated by using it in the war. (Oh, n.d.) If it was not used, then it would seem like a waste of government funding because its true potential would not be seen. The United States felt that the physical and psychological power of the bomb needed to be demonstrated to the world.

Intimidation Tool 

Not only did we want other countries to know we had a powerful weapon, we wanted them to fear it. Many people suggest that one of the reasons we used the bomb was to intimidate the Russians, which has some truth to it. Soviet Russia was considered an enemy of the United States; the bomb showed them and the rest of the world what we had in our arsenal. One of our greatest fears was that Russia would attempt to expand into Asia. The bomb obviously had political implications on the rest of the world, especially Russia. The United States showed the world that we did not need Russia’s help to defeat Japan and gave us a strong hand for future negotiations. (Oh, n.d.)

Social Reasons for Bombing

There are also social reasons behind the bombings of Japan. At that point in history, the average American disliked Japan and the Japanese people a great deal. These tensions had been building ever since the 19th century and eventually peaked when Japan bombed Pearl Harbor. (Oh, n.d.) The bombing of Japan can be viewed as retaliation; the United States bombed them because of Pearl Harbor and their terrible treatment of American prisoners of war.

POW’s were tortured and killed during this time in history and the American people were outraged. Despite the obvious dislike between the United States and Japan, this social reason alone is not why we bombed Japan. The government insists that the bomb was originally intended for Nazi Germany, but the bomb was not ready prior to their surrender on May 7th. (Oh, n.d.)

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Was it Justified?

Every attempt to justify the bombing of Japan is met with resistance. We can see that the decision to bomb Japan was not based on one reason, but rather a culmination of reasons from different points of view in the United States government. The military, politicians, and the American people each had their own reasons for supporting the bombing at the time. Although each of these reasons together are historically why Japan was bombed, it does not mean that all of them were fair and justified. This piece of our history illustrates America as arrogant and powerful. Although we may not consider arrogance a good trait, at that time it was necessary. The bombing of Japan played a key role in the end of WWII and subsequent history, despite seemingly compromised morals and ethics.

References

Cooper, J. (2000) Truman’s Motivations: Using the Atomic Bomb in the Second World War. Retrieved on August 9, 2011 from http://www.johnwcooper.com/papers/atomicbombtruman.htm

Oh, J. (n.d.) Hiroshima and Nagasaki: The Decision to Drop the Bomb. Retrieved on August 9, 2011 from http://www.umich.edu/~historyj/pages_folder/articles/Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki/pdf

The explosion of a nuclear bomb or takes the form of a mushroom cloud. You atomique champignon , which the French say. But … why take that curious way and not another?

This species of mushroom-shaped cloud is formed when an explosion generates a bubble of hot gas, in the case of nuclear detonation by a high X-ray emission that ionize and heat the surrounding air, which is called aball fire .

Hot air weighs less to be more excited, more energetic, and separate its molecules and thus rises and expands.Being a very sudden change, and very extreme, very hot air rises very fast creating a very strong updraft and dragging more air and materials with him, forming the foot of the mushroom cloud.

In the dentral of the fireball are concentrated at higher temperatures, causing convection in a circular motion interacting with the cold air from the outside, material swirling outside and grow hacienco diameter of the bulb or mushroom head .

Of all the atomic bombs, which form a “hat” are flat and huge thermonuclear bombs or hydrogen bombs, fireball which rises so high that hits the tropopause is the boundary between the troposphere and stratosphere.

In this layer there is a signifivativa atmospheric temperature difference with the two boundary layers mentioned above, which prevents them from mixing too. And so, when the fireball reaches the tropopause does not have enough heat to get through, so it flattens and spreads out too much horizontally rather than vertically.

One of the presidents of the United States who served between 1913-1921 was Woodrow Wilson, when World War I broke out he said, “I promise you that this will be the final war, the war to end all wars.”

All of us know that wasn’t true because 20 years after he made that promise, World War II broke out. This brought more death and destruction than the first, and it was true to the fact that the hope of reining in peace as stated by the president was wrong. The advances that were made resulted in vain and mankind was set on killing each other. At the end of World War II, world leaders realized that war was bigger than ever. They knew they couldn’t continue to fool themselves because what they saw before their eyes was alarming.

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In 1945 General MacArthur stated, “We have had our last chance. If we do not devise some greater and more equitable system, Armageddon will be at out our door.” He knew that the atomic bombs that were dropped in the final days of World War II on Nagasaki and Hiroshima had devastated those cities. The destruction added a new meaning to the word “Armageddon.” The nuclear aftermath could possibly be the end of life on planet earth.

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Image via Wikipedia

When the leaders started thinking about this by the 1960’s, they had put together a strategy of “mutually assured destruction.” They wanted to make sure they had enough missiles that would guarantee the demise of at least 25% of their enemy’s civilian population and 50% of their industrial capacity. They didn’t care who started the conflict, they were set on accomplishing it.

Ever since that happened, man has been worried about people killing each other with nuclear weapons. Nowadays almost every country has them and despite saying they’re allies, they will not give them up in case they need them to wage war against the other, leaving people to be concerned about a nuclear holocaust that could end mankind. Few have been reassured in political leaders’ strategy for world peace. It brings little comfort to know a madman has nuclear weapons at his disposal and can use it any minute.

All of us know the anguish the Japanese suffered with the Fukishima plants, they put their own lives at stake when they decided to build them and have others live in close proximity. Today many are in the same situation.

People don’t believe nuclear weapons will bring peace for mankind, if anything they’re afraid of what it can do because they know what it’s done. Since it seems that so many countries have already acquired nuclear missiles, the political systems are prepared to use them if they have to. Is this the way to finally establish peace for many that long for it, what is the definition of “Armageddon” and how will it come about? Part 2 will explain this.

War in the Pacific : VJ Day

VJ- Day is the abbreviation for Victory over Japan Day. This was the celebration of the Surrender of Japan on August 15, 1945, which ended World War II.

The Japanese call this day Shusen-kinenbi which means “Memorial day for the end of the war”.

Japan’s Modernization

Japan began to modernize at the end of the 19th century in to the beginning of the 20 th century. It annexed Korea and Manchuria, all while China was ensuing in a political chaos. With warlords controlling parts of china and a central government without any real power, all led to a weak China for Japan.

A military general by the name of Chiang Kai-shek united China by defeating all the warlords. Japan felt the warlord of Manchuria was going to ally himself with Kai-shek and intervened. They created the puppet state of Manchukuo with an emperor.

War with China

A military general by the name of Chiang Kai-shek united China by defeating all the warlords. Japan felt the warlord of Manchuria was going to ally himself with Kai-shek and intervened. They created the puppet state of Manchukuo with an emperor.

Later on, Japan left the league of nations. They wanted to express their military power due to their need for a steady supply of resources. One popular idea was that Japan and not China was the true heir of classical Chinese civilization.

The war ensued between Japan and China and Japan committed many atrocities such as medical and chemical experiments on the Chinese population much like the Nazis did. 

Allied Intervention

In an effort to discourage Japan’s war efforts in China, the United States, Britain, and the Dutch government (in exile) stopped selling oil and steel to Japan. This was known as the ABCD encirclement (American-British-Chinese-Dutch) designed to deny Japan of the raw materials needed to continue its war with China.

Japan Enters World War Two

On December 7, 1941, Japan launched simultaneous surprise attacks on Thailand, Malaya, Hong Kong, and Pearl Harbor. The United States declared war on Japan the next day.With these actions Japan allies itself with the Central Powers.

Japan also attacked Wake Island, an American Territory in the Central Pacific. On December 8, they attacked the Philippines. Six months after attacking Pearl Harbor, Japan had achieved nearly all of their naval objectives. All of the USA’s battleships in the Pacific were damaged or sunk by the Japanese. The British and Dutch Far Eastern fleets had been destroyed, and the Royal Australian Navy had been driven back to port.

Japan also attacked Wake Island, an American Territory in the Central Pacific. On December 8, they attacked the Philippines. Six months after attacking Pearl Harbor, Japan had achieved nearly all of their naval objectives. All of the USA’s battleships in the Pacific were damaged or sunk by the Japanese. The British and Dutch Far Eastern fleets had been destroyed, and the Royal Australian Navy had been driven back to port.

Japan Starts to Lose the War

Japan started losing the war in the Pacific after the losses at the battles at Coral sea and Midway. The battles of New Guinea and the Solomon Islands saw the first defeat of Japanese land forces since 1939. Guadalcanal was an ill fated attack from the Japanese which proved very costly, resulting in the losses of many men. The Japanese soldiers referred to this place as the “Island of Death”. 

The Battle of Leyte Gulf – 1944

The Battle of Leyte Gulf was the largest naval battle in history. The main territory in dispute was the island of Leyte in the Philippines  from where many battles took place. It featured the first use of Kamikaze aircraft. It was also the first time large battleships engaged each other in direct combat. A victory for the allies would ensure them control of sea routes and from South Asia to Japan. This would cut off supply lines to Japan. Many battleships and aircraft carriers with hundreds of planes were involved in this war. A victory would ensure the naval power of either party. In the end an ally victory was imminent and this victory broke the back of the Japanese Navy.

The End of the War

Battles in the islands of Iwo-Jima and Okinawa resulted in severe casualties on both sides. The Japanese eventually retreated but their Kamikaze attacks increased because of Japan’s desperate attempt to inflict more casualties to the allies. A staggering third of the US fleet was hit. Bombing raids on Japanese cities reduced the industrial production. A firestorm in Tokyo caused by bombings on May 9-10, 1945 killed a 100, 000 people.

The end of the war finally came when the US dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, August Sixth in the same year. A request to Japan to surrender from the US was not accepted which prompted the US drop a second atomic bomb three days later on Nagasaki. The death toll reached 330,000 people killed, 476,000 injured and 2.5 million buildings destroyed.

Japan Surrenders

Japan surrenders on August 15, !945 as Soviet Troops had decided to join the Pacific War as part of the allies.

The ceremony took place on a ship called Missouri and the ceremony lasted 23 minutes. It was broadcast all over the world.

It was signed at 9:04 am on September 2nd, 1945

The surrender took place at Tokyo Bay

By Conrado D. Fontanilla   

Pontoon bridge

It is a floating bridge. Simply, a platform is laid over floats which could be drums or inflatable rubber. This was used by the Allied forces in invading Normandy, France in 1945 in an assault to the heart of Hitler’s Germany. It is installed at the mouth of a ship that crossed over to the beach. Tanks, weapons carriers, war personnel and other war materiel were transported on the pontoon bridge. It may not be a secret weapon because Napoleon Bonaparte had used the pontoon bridge before but its massive production by the Allies came as a surprise to the Axis powers.

On D-Day over Europe, some 156,000 Allied soldiers landed on Normandy. In the movie, “The Longest Day,” you can see pontoon bridges where tanks, jeeps and army trucks rolled over to the beach.

Hodge podge

“One (German) U-boat would shadow a convoy (of Allied ships) and summon others by radio, and then the group would attack, generally on the surface at night.”

As WWII progressed U-boats were fitted with snorkels through which the crew could breathe that enabled them to stay under water for a long time.

The aircraft was ineffective against the U-boat because the pilot could hardly see it, if at all. The only telltale of its presence was its small snorkel and small eddies of water in its wake.

The hodge podge stopped the U-boat. It is like a big lollipop. A pack of explosives corresponds to the ice candy, the handle to the wooden stick with which to hurdle the whole thing. A lot of hodge podge is showered on a U-boat by mechanized launcher. When it hits the target, it explodes causing damage to the U-boat. The explosive is strong enough to breach the submarine. A severe damage to the snorkel is enough to force a U-boat to surface. To hit a U-boat was a hearty game for the navy crew of the allies!

“In World War II Germany built 1,162 U-boats, of which 785 were destroyed” (Encyclopedia Britannica). The rest were captured when Hitler’s Germany surrendered.

Radar

Radar was first invented by Gulglielmo Marconi. When he was propagating electromagnetic waves across a street he found that a passing car interrupted transmission. Although Marconi helped Benito Mussolini in the Axis side, he was half-British because his mother was a British. In fact, he developed the wireless in England before the war (Smith, M. 2003. Gulglielmo Marconi).

“Britain commenced radar research for aircraft detection in 1935…. By September 1938 the first British radar system, the Chain Home, had gone into 24-hour operation, and it remained operational throughout the war” (Encyclopedia Britannica).

The Hurricanes and Spitfires of the Royal Air Force of the United Kingdom, in dogfights with the German Luftwaffe, made up for their  inferiority in number with superiority in accuracy, thanks to the radar.

Angled stones over iron clad

Iron-clad warships were already in use in the American Civil War in 1861-65. But on the onset of WWII, the iron armor of ships could be pierced by machine gun fire. An ad hoc research team to develop weapons based in the United Kingdom found a way to deflect the bullets. Angled hard stones were cemented over the iron clad. The stones deflected the bullet that it would not go straight through the iron clad. The stone clad saved a lot of warships, destroyers, merchant ships, and lives.

Electromagnetic field reversal

A warship, or submarine, has its own electromagnetic field that is installed. Even a torpedo has an electromagnetic field. If the torpedo’s electromagnetic field did not match that of the target warship, the torpedo would miss the ship. The Allies changed the electromagnetic fields of their ships very often. Even at close range the torpedo could not find its target if it had been installed with a reverse electromagnetic field.

Atomic bomb

This was secretly developed. Its formula was no secret, however. The formula is E = mc2 that Albert Einstein came up with in 1906, at the tail of his special theory of relativity published in 1905. But that formula was only a hypothesis which was first verified by Enrico Fermi, an Italian, who himself could not understand what he had done. In 1936, Fermi’s findings were confirmed by other scientists and his discovery was called nuclear fission, a new concept.

Some scientists were alarmed that the Germans could be capable of exploiting the potentials of fission as demonstrated by their launching of missile V-2 in Europe.

The V-2 rocket “was first successfully launched on October 3, 1942, and was fired against Paris on September 6, 1944. Two days later the first of more than 1,100 V-2s was fired against Great Britain….”(Encyclopedia Britannica 2009).

In 1939, Einstein, persuaded by some scientists, wrote President Franklin D. Roosevelt of the United States to to convince him to tap fission for military purposes. “In February 1940, $6,000 was made available to start research under the supervision of a committee headed by L.J. Briggs, director of the National Bureau of Standards.”

Fermi and his wife had escaped from the Nazis and fled to the United States in 1936 during ceremonies awarding him the Nobel Prize for Physics. He supervised the physics part of the development of the atomic bomb in a project directed by J. Robert Oppenheimer.

July 16, 1945, in the morning, saw the first explosion of an atomic bomb in New Mexico. Two of them would be dropped over Japan in August 1945.

Gen. Douglas MacArthur, army commander of the Southern Pacific theater, who had jurisdiction over Japan, thought that the atomic bomb was not necessary. The Japanese fleet had already been scuttled in the Naval Battle of Leyte gulf in the Philippines by the allied navy commanded by Admiral Chester Nimitz. The allied army including remnants of the United States Armed Forces in the Far East and Filipino guerrillas under Gen. MacArthur’s command had already secured the Philippines. It was only a matter of time and allied forces would invade Japan.

PERT

Can we call a procedure a weapon if it enabled one to produce an instant warship? The PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique) was developed in WWII. It was mainly responsible for building a warship in 56 days in 1943. In 1940, it took 355 days to build a ship (Taylor, D. 2002. Franklin Delano Roosevelt, page 44).

Secret documents revealed by WikiLeaks show that the talibans hide a nuclear bomb in Europe and an Al-Qaeda commandant sustain that it will be detonated if Osama Bin Laden will be captured or killed.

Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, imprisoned at Guantanamo since 2003 is considered the one that planned the attacks from 11 September 2011.He told the investigators that Al-Qaeda will unleash ”the atomic hell” in Europe if Osama Bin Laden will be killed.

Khalid Sheikh Mohammed

Osama Bin Laden was killed Sunday night during an operation of the American Special Forces in Abbottabad, Pakistan.The information was also confirmed by the American President, Barack Obama.Until now, no official photos of the terrorist leader were presented.

Read more: Osama Bin Laden is Dead.the Terrorist Killed in Abbottabad by American Forces

                  The Photo Showing Osama Bin Laden Dead is a Fake