Table 1. A life table for individuals that lived in the 19th century with genders combined and with the net reproductive rate, generation time, and the estimated intrinsic rate of increase.

Table 2. A life table for individuals that lived in the 20th century with genders combined and with the net reproductive rate, generation time, and the estimated intrinsic rate of increase.

Table 3. A life table for males with centuries combined and with the net reproductive rate, generation time, and the estimated intrinsic rate of increase.

Table 4. A life table for females with centuries combined and with the net reproductive rate, generation time, and the estimated intrinsic rate of increase.

Check out the rest this study

Quick Overview

Introduction

Methods

Survivorship

Discussion

If you wish to write online and make money for it like I do you can join Triond using the link here or Bukisa here

             For data collection purposes, we chose gravestones randomly with no focus on size. If names were ambiguous to sex then the individual was omitted. We also used rubbings if the name on the gravestone was illegible.

            For the data analysis portion of this study, we made four life tables: one for each century with genders combined and one for each gender with centuries combined. We also created one graph that contained four survivorship curves, reflecting the life tables.

Check out the rest this study

Quick Overview

Introduction

Results

Survivorship

Discussion

If you wish to write online and make money for it like I do you can join Triond using the link here or Bukisa here

The reason that bio-diversity flourishes so well in inner city cemeteries is that these environments are free from the chemicals and disruption used in intense agriculture and differ from gardens because of Man’s lack of intervention, In many Graveyards Ancient trees flourish that would have been subject to clearance for home building or agriculture had they not been  grown in Grave Yards. In some Cemeteries Ivies have been growing for over 100 years. In fact Cemeteries have proven to be a very stable environment for bio-diversity in an ever changing world.

The Ancient Grave Yard Trees provide perfect habitats for Bat’s and bird’s. The Grave Stones themselves provide a perfect media on which Lichen can grow, there are 1700 British species of Lichen,300 of these species have been found growing on Cemetery stone in England. At least half of these species are rare, having only been identified in fewer than ten Cemeteries, Whilst many other Grave Yard species grow exclusively in Cemeteries. Wild flowers grow freely between the Graves.

English Heritage has produced a report called “Paradise Preserved” that offers guide lines on how maximise the benefits that Cemeteries and grave Yards present for encouraging wildlife. These Guidelines include advice suggesting that the Grass is only Cut Once or Twice Year to encourage wild flowers which in turn attract butterflies and other pollinating insects and the installation of Bird and Bat boxes.

Everyone gets the chills when they walk through a cemetery, especially at night but mostly it is all in our heads, I mean come on, walking through where hundreds of deceased people are buried thinking you will see a ghost around every tombstone is enough to give anyone the eebie jeebies.

Come and take a walk through some of America’s most haunted cemeteries and read about the ghosts that choose to hang around them.

Camp Chase.  A Confederate cemetery located in Ohio nestled in a Columbus Hilltop neighborhood. This cemetery marks the place where a POW camp stood over 140 yrs ago. It is said here a woman roams the cemetery in search of her soldier, lost in a POW camp during the American Civil War. On a grave of a confederate soldier, flowers will appear on it for no explainable reason. Hollywood Memorial Cemetery

Hollywood Forever Cemetery. Located in Hollywood, Ca. was founded in 1899 and was originally named Hollywood Memorial Park Cemetery. The original site occupied 100 acres but 40 acres were sold off to Paramount and RKO Studios in 1920. The Hollywood Memorial Park cemetery is the final resting place for such stars as, Fatty Arbuckle, Valentino, Victor Fleming and Clifton Webb whose ghost is said to haunt The Abbey of the Psalms Mausoleum where it is reported that guest hear voices, whispering, see strange lights, feel cold drafts and smell cologne.

El Campo Santo Cemetery. This cemetery located in San Diego, Ca. This cemetery is believed to be actively haunted with such sightings as what looks like an Hispanic or a Native American walking through out the grounds and a woman in a white Victorian dress will appear and disappear into the south wall of the cemetery.

Lafayette Cemetery. Located in New Orleans, LA. Is said to be one of the most haunted. Hundreds of sightings are reported in this historic cemetery. A woman in white who flags down taxis and always disappears before the ride is over; Voodoo Queen Marie Laveau is said to haunt the cemetery and surrounding area. Her powers were thought to be strong when alive, but now that death has taken her, she holds even greater sway over her devoted, who decorate her grave with symbols, candles and flowers, in the hope she’ll bless them.

Bachelors Grove Cemetery. This secluded cemetery located in Chicago is said to be the most haunted place in America, Bachelor’s Grove has had numerous paranormal investigators that have investigated this cemetery and it has been reported that it has had over 160 cases of documented paranormal occurrences, which include everything from floating “orbs” to lights and full body apparitions. Camp Chase Confederate Cemetery

Cemeteries.They are considered not beautiful by many because of sadness they have from losing a precious person or being.I think they’re beautiful even though there are many sadness in there.I like it because it’s beautiful.I think that people are not dead as long as they’re not forgotten about.That’s maybe why I like cemeteries?Well,I think what’s beautiful in cemeteries is various architectures of all centuries.Like difference between poor and rich graves.Various religions graves.All kinds of graves looks.How much of plants on them and all various beauty.I also like when there is old trees and lots of various graves.I also like it because it’s so peaceful and calm in there.Well I might just be depressed that’s all,but right now I like the look of cemeteries.They’re so vast and beautiful.I don’t know maybe I just find all kind of beauty in life?It’s beautiful when you can go through cemetery in eternal peace.They’re also very different at night and day.At day they’re beautiful when hit by sun and shadows on the other thought at night they’re beautiful when they’re lit with candles and stuff.They also can be scary when not lit and birds are  making sounds.I also believe in ghosts,so at night it can be very fun to explore cemetery.You also can make very beautiful pictures of cemetery.You can explore it a lot.You can even get to know about the past of your city!You can find various interesting names and surnames in there.You can get lots of thoughts in there. That’s all I wanted to say about them.

Skeptics attribute this to the believers of life after death simply coloring what they hear.That eager listeners interpret the outside noise,or bleed over as actual words coming from the spirit world messengers.They report this is just not so,yet many Scientists,Acclaimed Paranormal Investigators, and Researchers around the world claim to have received messages from beyond where the supposed spirit actually called someone in their group by name!Specific questions have elicited specific answers expressing love and concern!

This is the most fascinating aspect of EVP,the voices sometime respond directly to the persons making the recording.The researchers will ask a question for example,and the voice will answer or comment.Of course this response is not heard until later when it is played back.These voices vary in gender,(male,female,child,etc.)in tone and emotion.Sometimes they are just groans,growling,grunts,crying,or even laughter.Evp has aslo been recorded speaking in various languages.According to top researchers,you do not have to try rcording your own EVP’s in a graveyard,or supposed haunted location either.These can be recorded generally just about everywhere that it is quiet,and if you dare!

Mankind has been trying to communicate with the dead for centuries.Have they finally suceeded?Here are some top EVP’s,you decide for yourself after listening.Do you believe?

EVP Video Of Murdered Children

EVP Of A Mean Little Ghost Girl

VERY SCARY VIDEO OF GHOSTS AND EVP
A Scariest EVP’S EVER!
EVP of Angered Ghost over Spilled Water…scary!

Voices From The Grave (EVPs)

EVPs from a Haunted Home in West Sacramento-worlds scariest evps and pics!

One large town in Spain, Santa Coloma de Gramenet near Barcelona, has now discovered another benefit of setting aside space for the dead. This town of some 124,000 people who are squeezed into 4 square kilometres has installed 462 solar panels on top of the mausoleums. This, it is claimed, will be able to provide electric power for 60 homes each year which is equivalent to a reduction of 62 tonnes of carbon dioxide finding its way into the atmosphere every year.

Of course the sensitivities of some grieving relatives had to be overcome before the installation of €720,000 worth of the grey-blue panels.. It was thought by many as disrespectful towards the dead, but assurances were given that the installations would be discrete and unobtrusive. Given that the mausoleums hold five levels of the deceased above ground, the panels sit well above eye level, and the necropolis of 57,000 is now of much more than just sentimental value to the town.

Cities often have trouble finding the ideal location for the installation of solar panels because of the lack of open spaces. Buildings block light from reaching ground level for much of the day and people find the sight objectionable, so a sprawling cemetery offers everything needed. More panels are envisaged for the future.

Does it make sense? I do not know.

Let me offer, in this article, a sketchy narration of what really transpires year after year in the cemeteries in the Philippines on November 1 and 2.

Since a good number of cemeteries in the Philippines are owned if not managed by the Catholic Church, and since majority of Filipinos are Catholics, it is commonplace to find chapels inside the cemeteries. Catholic priests are saying Masses in the cemetery especially on these days. More common to chapels is a big cross (such as in the picture). Are crosses of this size built for specific reason(s)? Well, what I observe is that people whose dead are in distant places or for whatever reason cannot be found anymore (e.g., those whose relatives perished during the war, or those whose remains were removed from the niche-for-hire after they failed to arrange for renewal of their occupancy) flock to this cross to say their prayers for the repose of the soul of their dead. To accompany their prayers, Filipinos are lighting candles, and offer flowers (and food, for particular groups like the Chinese).

Having mentioned candles and flowers, during these days, these prove to be very handy in the vicinity of the cemeteries. They are sold by ambulant vendors (see picture), if not stalls are specifically set up for the sale of candles.

Now, stalls do not only sell candles and flowers for the dead. One can also buy food from the vendors – yup, food for the living. These stalls are practically selling stuff for snacks – from bottled water to soda drinks, to different junk foods to local food stuff.

It’s understandable, of course, that given the immense number of people in the cemeteries, it is only rational that some would make sure that the basic stuff that they would need are readily available. One can call it an act of service; others would consider these days a good occasion for commerce.

Why commerce? For it really is an occasion to make money. People are congregating in one place. They need transport, they need food, they need paraphernalia, they need… watches, visors, belts, and other accessories, too!

Not surprisingly, even big business enterprises are also seeing the market potential of November 1 and 2.

For instance, the sight of Jollibee crews in the cemeteries selling their hamburgers and packed spaghettis makes one think that the present financial crisis (that started in the US) has gone to a very terrible level. Jollibee, a Filipino counterpart – I must say – of McDonalds, knows that Filipinos would prioritize going to the graves of their dead relatives and kins; that is why, its crews brings the store to where the people are. And … is this service? To a certain extent, it is a good business.

Definitely, it is not only Jollibee that makes cash during these days. Magnolia products are also being sold; pastries are also being peddled. And, true to their billing as aggressive marketers, Smart and Globe (Filipino telecommunication providers) are selling mobile phone units, phone accessories, and even retails of hand phone loads to their subscribers.

We should not forget that another institution “makes money” on November 1 and 2. The crew members – so to speak – of this institution do not sell food or mundane services. They offer prayers through their leaders-in-cloth (the priests and sisters) or through those they “deputized” (they are called lay ministers).

In the picture, look at the man who is obviously bespectacled and wearing white polo. He’s saying the formula of prayer for the repose of the soul of the dead. Also notice the teenager with a red backpack. He’s holding a paper box.

Let us try to see the box more closely.

What is the paper box for?

In the Philippines, after the priests, sisters or lay ministers pray for the dead, the faithful (and un-faithful) are giving their donations.

How ever you call it – it’s still money-making…

November 1 and 2 in the Philippines are economically significant days, too.

Cemeteries and old graveyards are the perfect settings for the best ghost stories. There is no better place to get your adrenaline flowing and have the hairs on the back of your neck and arms stand straight up because your imagination is working in over drive. But the final resting places for our loved ones have come a long way as in style and provide a park setting for those of us who are still living to go and sit comfortably and spend time with the ones who’ve gone on before us.

Although the majority of us respect our cemeteries, there is still a lot who have no respect at all. These are people who enter the cemetery at night and either vandalize the gravestones or steal the gifts that were left for our loved ones. Some believe that it is our youth who have nothing better to do but still to walk into a cemetery and take a statue or a simple set of five dollar lamps to sell at the local flea market or to give as a gift yourself is extremely disrespectful.

However there are organizations who have dedicated themselves to preserving our cemeteries. Organizations like Friends of Center Cemetery in Hartford Connecticut, and Saving Graves a national organization along with the Masonic lodges and groups of Concerned Citizens which work to increase public awareness of preserving, protecting and restoring cemeteries world wide. Most of these organizations hold activities within the local cemeteries other than the traditional burying and honoring the dead, some include social gatherings, jazz festivals, and bike tours. Trying to make the cemetery as a part of the fabric of the communities, also getting local schools and the boy and girl scout troops involved in cleaning, planting and learning of their towns history.

By getting involved in one of these organizations may help strengthen our knowledge of our past and in turn may continue to teach our youth to respect the local cemeteries.

     The thought etched into the slender stone seems totally out of sync with a sunlit afternoon.  I’m walking through (Southborough, Massachusetts’) Olde Burial Ground, past the barely readable,  ancient tablets of stone with their familiar names–written on street signs and used to label parts of the town–Parkers, Fays, Newtons, Bellows and Brighams– people who made this place into Southborough.  The sloping green of this cemetery bordered by a simple fieldstone wall rises above Route 30, remarkably quiet and detached from activity below.   American flags put there by veterans for Memorial Day wave in a soft breeze.  At the top of the hill, white-spired Pilgrim Congregational Church stands like a sentinel keeping watch. 

Glancing again at Nabby Bellows’ grave, I wonder if this young girl really chose these grim words?  Were they  part  of a favorite poem?  We’ll never know.  We have only that inscription, and these scant words carved 179 years ago:

“In memory of Mrs. Nabby, wife of Antepos Bellows who died September 30, 1820 at the age of 21.”

Among the Parkers  I find—“In memory of two infant children, sons of Mr. Heman and Mrs. Peggy Parker, one born June 13, 1815, the other born……”(sunken)

      The Fays seemed to have fared worse.  Betsey died at 7 months, Polley at 3 years, Patty at 26, and Laura Ann at 31.  I can’t help but wonder what happened.  How did the Parker’s babies die?  What caused so many of the Fay children to never get the chance to grow up?  Did Nabby Bellows die in childbirth as so many of her female compatriots did then?  Perhaps they were victims of  tuberculosis, diphtheria, or some other communicable disease we’ve conquered. 

            “Olde Burial Grounds—erected in 1995 in memory of the members of the early generations of the town who were buried here, in graves marked and unmarked, between 1727 and 1895”, reads the inscription. 

“The place of sudden death”, the first people to bury their dead here, the Nipmuk, termed it.  Many of them died of  Smallpox and Hepatitis brough by Europeans for which they had no immunity.   Missionary John Eliot’s Christian Praying Indians continued using this same place, but they, too, were mostly gone, victims of King Philip’s War, when the Fays, Parkers, Bellows, Newtons and Brighams arrived.

            No Catholics are here.  New England history seldom mentions that even in death there was segregation.  For its first two centuries, Southborough Catholics were buried in Hopkinton.  But Patrick Cleary’s strange story  shows that even entrenched bigotry can change. The Clearys, refugees from the Irish Potato Famine, arrived in Southborough in the 1850’s, and worked in a local shoe factory.   When the Civil War came, young Patrick, described as witty and clever,  volunteered.  In 1862,  Massachusetts Co.K was cut off from rations and starving.  In Virginia,  Cleary  disobeyed orders and foraged for food., stealing some sheep. Company K feasted that night.  The next day, Cleary took sick and died, cause unknown. 

            Though his penniless family begged the town to bury him, they stubbornly refused until public sentiment and patriotism forced the town fathers to reconsider.  They reluctantly agreed to bury him, but in a pauper’s grave.  Whether he was first interred in the Olde Burial Ground is unclear, but when local men he had served with returned home, they were furious at Cleary’s shabby treatment and insisted he be reburied with honors. 

            It took some investigation to find Patrick Cleary’s grave.  Several Southborough people I talked to expressed great surprise that such discrimination had ever existed in their town, but the reality is that it was true in most towns. In the Rural Cemetery, I found a terse, lopsided stone that says simply P.H.Cleary, Massachusetts Co. K.   It reminded me once again that cemeteries are etched-in-stone pages of a history book, and Southborough’s are uniquely American history.  Thinking of  religious and racial hatred and killing in Northern Ireland, Yugoslavia, Rwanda, and the Middle East, I’m proud that here in America people somehow found ways to rise above sectarian violence and hate.  Remembering the Nipmuk buried here, so many Native Americans nearly eradicated in what could be called Ethnic Cleansing, like most Americans, I feel sadness and regret.   Nabby Bellows and the Parker and Fay children, remind me we’ve come a long, long way with the miracle of health care, of women who safely have babies, and babies who live to grow up.  These are our triumphs.  But there are failures, too.  Memorial Day was created by Southern women, wishing to remember their men fallen in war, but hopefully one day we will only need to continue to honor past fallen veterans, and not future ones.