Confucianism stressed the importance of the family and reverence to your elders. Confucius said, “A young man should serve his parents at home,” and “But dogs and horses likewise are able to do something in the way of support; without reverence, what is there to distinguish the one support given from the other?” Confucius was saying that family should come first before anything else and we must take this responsibility seriously as a top priority. Confucius even goes on to say, “After doing this, if he has energy to spare, he can study literature and the arts.” Confucius is saying that serving your parents and elders, should even come before your own education. This contrasts to the Neo-Confucianism view of education, while also following the view of family being important. Neo-Confucian view was that, “What Heaven confers is called nature. Accordance with this nature is called the Tao. Cultivating the Tao is called education.” This basically says that in order for there to be a more perfect place, people have to be educated. However Neo-Confucianism also believes that society cannot operate correctly without a proper family attitude. “The governing of the country lies in the regulation of the family.” Confucianism believes that your family’s needs should always come before your own, while Neo-Confucianism believes that a properly orchestrated family is needed for society to continue properly, as well as the people being well educated.

Neo-Confucianism came about because of the views imposed by Daoists and Buddhists on Confucianism. Neo-Confucianism believes when joy, anger, sorrow, and pleasure are in appropriate levels, “it is called harmony. Chung is the great root of all-under-heaven.” This is in accordance to the Daoists belief to let things balance out to have peace. This also fits into the Buddhists belief of there being a spirit that connects everyone as well as the belief that all life has suffering just as sorrow and anger is needed along with pleasure and joy.

Buddhists and Daoists also believe that desire is bad and clouds the truth. Even Confucianism valued this. “Filial piety and fraternal submission are they not the root of all benevolent action. Neo-Confucianism stresses this even more when moving toward these Daoists and Buddhists views. It can be said for Neo-Confucianism, “if righteousness be put last, and profit be put first, they will not be satisfied without snatching all.” and desire clouds what is the truth and good. Neo-Confucianism adopted these ideas as a way to break away from the restrictive view of Confucianism. This had a great impact on China. This belief in the good along with bad came to China as Yang and Yin. The idea of reverence and humility also comes from Confucianism and Neo-Confucianism along with the belief that there needs to be suffering in order to learn. Confucianism also teaches that we can learn from our elders and teachers even if they are flawed, much like the Chinese culture believes. “I will pick out the good points of the one and imitate them, and the bad points of the other and correct them in myself.”

In order to assess these two belief systems, more documents concerning the makeup of Buddhism and Daoism would be beneficial. Some may possibly be the holy texts to each religion to learn more of their beliefs and intent. Additional documents concerning the development of Confucianism and Neo-Confucianism may also be helpful in assessing these two belief systems.

Confucianism and Neo-Confucianism both agree on many cultural aspects, such as the family, that conformed into the Chinese culture. It is also clearly shown the Daoists and Buddhists had a great influence over the new ideas that Neo-Confucianism adopted to find a release from the restrictiveness of Confucianism.

I am starting my response paper by raising my complicatedness about Taoism, Confucianism, and Shinto. My complicatedness basically formed because of the curiosity to know about religion in the world, including Eastern Asian Religion. The very question that always comes up is, are Taoism and Confucianism considered as religion or just a philosophical teaching? Some people might think that I did not have to raise this question, because the meaning of religion is too broad and there is no exact definition about religion. But, ethically critic, If Lau Tse and Kung teaching can consider as a religion, then why Aristotle’s or Plato’s teaching not considered as religion.

Both Taoism and Confucianism were considered as basic Chinese religion. Their concept is almost the same. Their concept such as: Recognition of Multiple Gods and Spirits, Ying and Yang, Filial Piety and Ancestor Worship, Divination, Development of Belief in the Shang Ti and Decline of Feudal system.[1] But one of the most powerful teaches in Taoism or Confucianism is their philosophy of Ying and Yang.  It is the symbol that all the tings in this world created “berpasangan.” If there is a good thing, there is also a bad thing. Yin is characterized as slow, soft, yielding, diffuse, cold, wet, and passive; and is associated with water, earth, the moon, femininity and nighttime. In contrast, Yang is characterized as fast, hard, solid, focused, hot, dry, and aggressive; and is associated with fire, sky, the sun, masculinity and daytime.[2]

Shinto is a national religion in Japan. It’s a real native Japanese religion. However, many people got misunderstood thinking that Shinto is apart of Buddhism. And it wasn’t. Buddhism is Buddhism itself, while Shinto is Shinto itself. People might be confused because seeing how people in Japanese seem to combine between Shinto of Buddhism. It’s actually the reaction of syncretism. And this is what happened in Japan. Some people born as a Shinto but died as a Buddhism. It is because the concern about life in this world is served by Shinto, while the concern about life after death served by Buddhism.

In Indonesia itself, Only Confucianism that was recognized as religion by the State. The adherent of Confucianism could mention their identity as Confucianism. They are also finally got some budget from the government. But not for the Shinto and Taoism. Maybe someday the country will accept them. Who knows?

[1]  Read, Hopfe, Lewis M., and Mark R. Woodward. “Religions Originating in China and Japan.”Religions of the World. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2011. 170-73. Print.

[2] Osgood, Charles E. “From Yang and Yin to and or but.” Language 49.2 (1973): 380–412. JSTOR. 1 November 2011, jstor.org

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Introduction

Asia, mostly Communist, has successful entered the international market as a champion. The country is leaders in numerous especially technology. Some writers have argued “Confucius and his teaching” was a major factor in today’s Asian countries. “The Confucian values of family, acceptance of authority, moderation in all things and the limits to personal ambition in favor of the good of society as a whole seen as necessary, not only for the survival of Chinese doctrine, but as essential core of world thinking.” What is Confucianism and how it has affected Asian countries? How can it be applied to our businesses today?

The Idea in a Nutshell

K’ung Fu Tzu or, as we know him, Confucius, was a “philosopher, political figure, educator, and founder of the Ru chook of Chinese Thought.” His name means “an utterance of thankfulness when prayers have been answered.” Confucius views differed tremendously as compared to officials in his community and he was “exiled” from Lu, his home town. He believed every human being had the potential to be better citizens when taught. Some of Confucius’ writings”rin, Li, Yi, Chi, and Chung; Confucius believed it’s important that everyone especially leaders take responsibility for each other. So what is Confucian doctrine you ask and how does it apply today?

The 10 Things You Need to Know About Confucianism

1. Confucianism is considered a religion, however there isn’t a “supernatural being or any discussion of what happens after death.” “Confucianism was the dominate way of thinking in China, Japan, and Korea.” It was intended to create “a harmonious society such that…those who preside over the people should cherish the clearest aims and give the most correct lessons, honoring the requirements of humanity by loving the people as their sons; then people will use their utmost efforts to please their superiors. What is rin?
2. “Rin” which is defined as “morality,” is the center of Confucianism. “It affirms that in all mankind there are qualities of benevolence, humanity, and love and that it is the duty of governments, parents, and teachers to cultivate Rin in all aspects.” Benevolence or compassion is what we are lacking in some American businesses. To increase our morals and/or ethics as we transfer into group business, enforce to employees the importance of the group as one entity. Also, state the rules of the company, but be an example.
3. A prerequisite of “rin” is “Li” translated as “learning self-restraint, behaving, and following rituals” all traits is very important to Asian countries. As with starting a new career it must be done with diligence and practices correctly daily. “If the framework of modern business organizations largely seems unfamiliar, nowhere else have such diligent labor patterns emerged and worked.” At the heart of work ethics in most Asian countries is Confucianism, which begins with the gentleman.
4. “To create gentlemen who carry themselves with graces, speak correctly, and demonstrate integrity at all times” were Confucius’ goals. In addition to rin and Li, Yi is taught to display “duty or righteous behavior.” Chi represents “wisdom derived from both history and experience.” Chung “(reciprocity): Do not unto others what you would not have them do unto you.” Treatment of others is very important, not only in business but in daily activities.
5. Was Confucius simply confused or have his guidelines lead to productive employees and citizens in society? “East Asian region gained confidence from economic success; they articulated a national identity drawing heavily on Confucian characteristics, even at times crediting the tradition.” Confucianism led to many improvements in modernizing China, Japan, and Korea.
6. Others will dispute China, Japan, and Korea’s success was attributed to Confucianism. “The relevance of Confucian ethics in modern business is limited, however, for a simple reason: Master K’ung did not have much to say about the interactions with strangers, which is what, suppliers, customers, minority shareholders, and creditors tend to be.” His beliefs when used it appears also enhance external relationships as well. Practicing internally will improve “interactions with external entities.” “With open market, private enterprise, investment from the United States, Japan, Hong the economy of China is growing at nearly 10 percent per year.”
7. Another issue is the exclusion of women, “many in the region the most negative side of Confucianism is the residue of mass Confucianism seen in the treatment of women”. Women were not allowed to be involved in politics, business, or make daily decisions. This was a hindrance to East Asian countries attempting to go global and somewhat of an issue currently. Which would soon change as Asia becomes more modernized. But, did they lose their tight knit family oriented business tactics?
8. “Confucianism was rooted in the bygone days with no vision of the modern world”. Change is difficult for everyone. Revamping the way we interact in the business world should be considered in the same way.  “The challenge of the Confucian backers is to accept enough of the currents of globalization and universalism to enable essential practices to survive.”
9. With such success improving business relationships and re-inventing workplace ethics, it seems Confucianism will not be lost. “Confucianism may once again prevail if combined with modern free enterprise economics and Confucian nationalism.” Asian countries ability to integrate and adapt to change is very important in the survival of “Confucian teachings”.
10. “A saying goes, if you do not know your lord, observe his companions. It is simply a matter of what you rub up against! It is simply a matter of what you rub up against.” Ethics and morals are the key and practicing makes perfect. Management should be aware employees are always watching.

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The Video Lounge

Confucianism is a significant part of Asia’s culture. As this video is viewed keep in mind the major improvements to society and their own culture that has been accomplished. According to the video Confucian teachings have been in existence for over 1500 years.

My Take

Confucianism is not extinct. It lives as a tool to improve business relations and it has improved China, Japan and Korea’s interaction in business. It is important to possess “ethics and morals” and allowing companies to present a brief entail of Confucian teachings at meeting may increase employee performance.  Having a set of regulations is not enough to ensure proper business etiquette.  Experience is a great factor in learning as well as following leaders that are adequately trained to perform their job and train others.

References

Bruce, R., (1989). The return to Confucius. History Today, 48 1, 7. Retrieved from http://web,EBSCOhost.com/ehost/delivery
Confucius. (2002). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy online. Retrieved from http://Plato.Stanford.edu/
Hutton, Eric L., (2005) Character, Situationism, and Early Confucian Thought, 127 (1), 37-58. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/4321681
Rozman, G., (2002). Can Confucianism survive in an age of universalism and globalization? Pacific Affairs, 75 (1), 11-37. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable4127239
The ancient art of making money. Economist, 359 (8216), 5-51/2. Retrieved from http://webebscohost.com

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Contact Information

To contact the author of “Top 10 Management on Confucianism,” please email Kerett T. Williams at Kerett.williams@selu.edu or mskerett@aol.com.

About the Publisher

David C. Wyld (dwyld.kwu@gmail.com) is the Robert Maurin Professor of Management at Southeastern Louisiana University in Hammond, Louisiana. He is a management consultant, researcher/writer, and executive educator. His blog, Wyld About Management, can be viewed at http://wyldaboutmanagement.blogspot.com/. He also serves as the Director of the Reverse Auction Research Center (http://reverseauctionresearch.com/), a hub of research and news in the expanding world of competitive bidding. Dr. Wyld also maintains compilations of his student’s publications regarding:

• management concepts (http://toptenmanagement.blogspot.com/)
• book reviews (http://wyld-about-books.blogspot.com/) and
• international foods (http://wyld-about-food.blogspot.com/).      

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On the advice of scholars he established Confucianism as China’s governing philosophy. The precepts of Confucian philosophy were modified to make clear that everyone had to obey the emperor, but otherwise the Confucian idea that a government should serve its people rather than the other way around was made national policy.

The lowering of taxes and easing of laws were popular and had the desired effect of making Liu Bang and his descendants popular for the next 200 or so years.

Trade with the outside world was expanded during the Han Dynasty, which lasted until 220 c.e. China spread southward and northwestward and extended its northern Great Wall to cover part of the so called Silk Road, the trade routes over which China exported and imported goods to and from Europe, Rome, Persia, and India.

Even peasants began to share in some of the nation’s wealth. An educational system was begun in the 140s b.c.e. to teach boys Confucianism and a basic understanding of geography and the sciences. This system served to indoctrinate the barbarian provinces into the Chinese way of life, and it provided the government with a pool of people it could appoint to government offices based on their merits.

During the last 100 years of the Han Dynasty eunuchs gained control of much of the central government, and they enriched themselves and manipulated governments oficials. 

Angry and resentful, some Han generals rebelled and slaughtered the eunuchs. One of the generals, Dong Zhuo, put the last Han emperor, Xian (r. 189–220 c.e.), on the throne. Dong Zhuo failed to control his troops, who went on a rampage in the capital city, Luoyang, sacking the city and burning government buildings, including the national library. In another age Xian might have been a great emperor, but it was all he could do just to hang on to his throne until he abdicated at sword point in 220 c.e.

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Man who run behind
Car get exhausted.

Man with one
Chopstick go hungry.

Man who scratch butt
Should not bite fingernails. 

Man who eat many
Prunes get good run for money. 

War does not
Determine who is right, war determine who is
Left.

Wife who put
Husband in doghouse soon find him in
Cathouse. 
 
 
Man who drive like
Hell, bound to get there.

Man who live in
Glass house should change clothes in
Basement.

Man who fish in
Other man’s well often catch crabs.

Hope I made you smile even for only a moment.

Confucianism was derived from the philosophy that the brilliant scholar Confucius developed. His philosophy concerned worldly goals and ideas that would insure social order and good government. Confucius taught that it was important for people to accept their place in society. He emphasized five main relationships: father to son, elder brother to younger brother, husband to wife, ruler to subject, friend to friend. According to Confucius, everyone had duties and responsibilities and proper behavior would bring order and stability. Confucius thought that filial duty, or respect for parents, was more important than any of the other duties. When it came to government, Confucius said that a ruler had the responsibility to provide good government; in return, the people should be respectful and loyal subjects.

Legalism: 

The philosophy of Legalism came from the teachings of Hanfeizi. According to Hanfeizi, “The nature of man is evil. His goodness is acquired.” He said that greed was the reason for most actions and the cause of most conflicts. Hanfeizi claimed that the only way to achieve order was to pass strict laws and enforce harsh punishments. His teachings became known as Legalism because of his emphasis on law. Legalists though that strength, not goodness, was a ruler’s greatest quality. Many ancient rulers chose Legalism as the most effective way to keep order, but the laws were so cruel that later generations despised it, although it survived in some laws.

Daoism:

The founder of Daoism was known as Laozi or “Old Master”. Daoism was not concerned with bringing order to human affairs; Instead, Daoists wanted to live in harmony with nature. Laozi looked beyond every day cares to focus on the Dao, or “the way” of the universe. Daoists wanted to end conflict between human desires and the simple ways of nature. Many Daoists turned from the “unnatural” ways of society. They viewed government as unnatural and the reason for many problems. To Daoists, the best government was one that governed the least. Daoism became a popular religion with gods, goddesses, and magical practices that were still based upon Laozi’s teachings. Daoists work contributed to science and medicine as they did experiments and tried to find substances that would give them immortality.

Confucianism stressed the importance of the family and reverence to your elders. According to Document 1 Confucius said, “A young man should serve his parents at home,” and according to Document 6, “But dogs and horses likewise are able to do something in the way of support; without reverence, what is there to distinguish the one support given from the other?” Confucius was saying that family should come first before anything else and we must take this responsibility seriously as a top priority. According to Document 1, Confucius even goes on to say, “After doing this, if he has energy to spare, he can study literature and the arts.” Confucius is saying that serving your parents and elders, should even come before your own education. This contrasts to the Neo-Confucianism view of education, while also following the view of family being important. Document 3 states the Neo-Confucian view that, “What Heaven confers is called nature. Accordance with this nature is called the Tao. Cultivating the Tao is called education.” This basically says that in order for there to be a more perfect place, people have to be educated. However Neo-Confucianism also believes that society cannot operate correctly without a proper family attitude. Document 2 says, “The governing of the country lies in the regulation of the family.” Confucianism believes that your family’s needs should always come before your own, while Neo-Confucianism believes that a properly orchestrated family is needed for society to continue properly, as well as the people being well educated.

Neo-Confucianism came about because of the views imposed by Daoists and Buddhists on Confucianism. According to Document 3, Neo-Confucianism believes when joy, anger, sorrow, and pleasure are in appropriate levels, “it is called harmony. Chung is the great root of all-under-heaven.” This is in accordance to the Daoists belief to let things balance out to have peace. This also fits into the Buddhists belief of there being a spirit that connects everyone as well as the belief that all life has suffering just as sorrow and anger is needed along with pleasure and joy.

Buddhists and Daoists also believe that desire is bad and clouds the truth. Even Confucianism valued this. Document 5 says, “Filial piety and fraternal submission are they not the root of all benevolent action. Neo-Confucianism stresses this even more when moving toward these Daoists and Buddhists views. Document 4 goes on to say for Neo-Confucianism, “if righteousness be put last, and profit be put first, they will not be satisfied without snatching all.” and desire clouds what is the truth and good. Neo-Confucianism adopted these ideas as a way to break away from the restrictive view of Confucianism. This had a great impact on China. This belief in the good along with bad came to China as Yang and Yin. The idea of reverence and humility also comes from Confucianism and Neo-Confucianism along with the belief that there needs to be suffering in order to learn. Confucianism also teaches that we can learn from our elders and teachers even if they are flawed, much like the Chinese culture believes. Document 7 says, “I will pick out the good points of the one and imitate them, and the bad points of the other and correct them in myself.”

In order to assess these two belief systems, more documents concerning the makeup of Buddhism and Daoism would be beneficial. Some may possibly be the holy texts to each religion to learn more of their beliefs and intent. Additional documents concerning the development of Confucianism and Neo-Confucianism may also be helpful in assessing these two belief systems.

Confucianism and Neo-Confucianism both agree on many cultural aspects, such as the family, that conformed into the Chinese culture. It is also clearly shown the Daoists and Buddhists had a great influence over the new ideas that Neo-Confucianism adopted to find a release from the restrictiveness of Confucianism.

Tokugawan Japan introduced the bakuhan system of class relationships throughout society. It was required by law that all (non-elite) people belong to one of four classes: warriors (samurai), farmers, artisans and merchants, which was abbreviated to shi-no-ko-sho. Within this overall structure, the strictest demarcation was between the samurai and the other three classes. Laws dictated that samurai wear two swords in public and no one else was permitted to do the same; the rights of samurai to tax the farmers were enshrined in law to formalize the principle of violence above diligence and through this means the aristocratic elites could enforce their will throughout remote parts of the country. Farmers represented more than 80% of the population and the samurai just 7%, with the mostly urban-dwelling artisans and merchants representing the remainder of the population. These last two classes also had their rights and duties circumscribed according to laws based on neo-Confucianist principles.

These classes affected men, mostly, with women confined to minor status. Within the family, where women were expected to restrict themselves, absolute obedience was demanded by the head of the household (kacho) and, among members of the household, the principle of damson-joshi (respect for men and contempt for women) was upheld. In contrast to Confucianism, therefore, the bakuhan system placed nearly all the stress on the duty the social inferior should show to the superior and much less stress on the responsibility of the superior to protect and take care of the inferior.

A rigidly enforced class structure such as this in pre-modern Japan inevitably requires systems and laws to keep people in their ordained positions and to prevent social mobility. Ultimately, of course, this leads to weakening of the state as those appointed to positions of power are selected by the accident of birth rather than merit. It also spread a shadow over all forms of artistic, cultural and imaginative activity and ensured that any seeking to dissent from the social norms be considered a criminal or traitor and treated appropriately.

Although the Tang and Yuan dynasties did have some accomplishments, they were overshadowed by their bad qualities. The Tang practiced aristocracy, which is where their officials were chosen based on wealth. Lower class citizens were not able to be in the government because of their lack of money. At this time, the Tang government did not fairly represent all of the dynasty’s people. The Yuan dynasty was a very aggressive one. They did have some good foreign contact, but most of it was to attack other places. The only achievements during this time were militia-related. These are the reasons why I would not suggest making a mural based on one of these dynasties.

In the Song’s government, an official is chosen based on merit, and founded upon neo-Confucianism. This meritocracy allowed people from lower classes to have a chance at becoming an official. The civil service exams were now based on neo-Confucianism, which were teachings that blended the teachings of Confucianism with the elements of Buddhism and Daoism. The allowance of people from lower classes to become officials made this society a better one by giving all groups the ability to have a say in the government. While taking a civil service exam, candidates were locked in a room to prevent cheating. Although it was very hard to pass the exam, people were excited to get such a respected job. With these new features of the government, the Song dynasty became a more fair civilization. Many new changes were made in the government during the Song dynasty, which all contributed to a better community.

Many accomplishments were made with the Song economy during their reign. In the 11th century, a drought resistant rice plant was brought to China, which helped the rice production boom. New tools like the improved plow, harrow, and chain pump also helped to advance farming. These new tools and plants all were factors in a production increase, which allowed the Chinese population to dramatically expand. When the Song government issued too many copper coins, many moneylenders began issuing paper money to merchants. This idea caught on, and soon the government started to print paper money in large quantities. The rise in currency further spread the growth and well-being of commerce. New farming ideas, currency, and many other factors helped strengthen trade and commerce and increase the population.

Many new discoveries were made during the Song dynasty, some of which were steel and the mass-production of porcelain. At this time, steel was very useful. It was used to make new and develop better tools, which had many advantages. Porcelain is a fine pottery that was mass-produced to make dishes, bowls, and vases. These discoveries allowed industry, for these and other items, to flourish throughout China. Gunpowder was accidentally stumbled upon by Chinese alchemists while trying to find a substance to allow people to live forever. The development of rockets was dependent upon gunpowder, and allowed the Chinese to be a step ahead of their few enemies. Gunpowder was a necessary finding for the invention of many military weapons. Without the innovation throughout the Song dynasty, life would not be the same today.

Throughout the classical era, China’s culture and it’s values have stayed as mostly continuities and few or little changes. One of the most obvious continuities would be the teachings and values of Confucianism that were so strong that they have lasted throughout the centuries of Chinese history and is still well-known today. These values of Confucianism that lasted so long included guidelines on respect with in the family. Chinese civilization during the classical civilization was a patriarchy and with the Confucius teaching of the 5 relationships, the two created the outline of how a good family should work like. The patriarchy of Chinese civilization is quite different compared to the Roman civilization after Christianity, which taught that men’s and women’s souls were equal, came in. Patriarchy was a continuity for Chinese civilization during the classical period but for Roman civilization, Christianity itself was a change that affected every bit of Roman civilization. These family values were only one thing that Confucius taught but seeing how Confucianism itself is one of the most recognized continuities of the Chinese civilization, many of his beliefs and values will survive and withstand many potential changes to come. One of these changes were Buddhism, which came into China through many different paths such as the Silk Route. However, the peaceful continuities of China could not last forever, and such was demonstrated when the Han Dynasty fell and China entered 3 years of chaos which I extremely long for China’s history. At this time, China’s cultural unity was also threatened by the spread of Buddhism, though it was tone of the one ideas that was imported into China before the 20th century. Luckily for China’s streak of continuity, the three century period of chaos would end with the rise of the T’ang Dynasty, which would also revive Confucianism. This was also one of China’s continuities, the rising and falling of dynasties – the dynastic cycle, it would remain part of China’s history for ages. India was much like China as for the philosophies of life surviving throughout the ages. For India, Hinduism was the key aspect of their culture that kept the civilization united socially and for China, it was Confucianism that kept China together socially. Despite the many changes that took place between 100 C.E. to 600 C.E., China always leveled out culturally and remained in their streak of cultural continuity due to Confucius and how his teachings united China culturally and socially.

The way the government was run and the structure of it had many changes in China, save for a few things that continued on. One of these continuities was the dynamic cycles, like the Zhou dynasty, the Qin dynasty, and the Han dynasty, because it lasted throughout the classical era and dynasties kept rising and falling. The most distinct time that this dynastic cycle broke during the classical era was when the Han dynasty fell, which was due to many things that were changing at the time. The first of these things was that the bureaucratic system was becoming more and more corrupt and the political structure of China started to fall apart. In turn, peasants and the regular people of China became poorer and poorer and after germs and disease came, people started to die as well. Then borderland nomads came and due to the unstable government of China at the time, the army was not able to push them and thus, the Han dynasty was overthrown completely. This was one of the few times that China’s government fell apart during the classical era. The same sort of overthrowing by nomadic invasions happened in Rome as well, when the Germanic invaders came in and broke Rome apart. Rome was then split into 3 zones and was never completely revived ever again. Such is not true for China though, as after a three century period of chaos after the Han dynasty fell, the T’ang dynasty came later, in 618 C.E. to revive Confucianism and the bureaucratic system, however this was after the classical era. During the classical era, the Roman civilization and the Chinese civilization underwent major governmental change except for the Indian civilization. In India and China though, despite the nomadic invasions that occurred, they physically remained strong and united. Perchance this is because China had a very solid social and political system that was based off of Confucianism and that Shih Huangdi’s actions of uniting China physically, prior to the classical era, had the ability of sustaining more attacks than Roman civilization did. How India survived with no strong central government though, is perhaps because of how Hinduism replaced many aspects of the government and was practically the government itself. The cause of such drastic change in China’s government in the classical era can be said to be because of the weakened government plus the nomadic invasions being the final blow in destroying the Han dynasty.