1.   In order to collect unemployment you must be screened for drugs, alcohol, and tanning abuse.

2.   In order to collect unemployment you must commit to forty hours of community service with only time off for good behavior.

3.   In order to collect unemployment you must abstain from all forms of sex.  Taking contraceptives is strictly prohibited.

4.   In order to collect unemployment you must have a masters degree.

5.   In order to collect unemployment you must be able to speak at least five foreign languages.

6.   In order to collect unemployment you must be able to lift over one hundred pounds with one arm tied around your back.

7.   In order to collect unemployment you must be able to bend steel with your bare hands.

8.   In order to collect unemployment you must be able to leap tall buildings in a single in a single bound.

9.   In order to collect unemployment you must be able to recite the Constitution by memory.

10. In order to collect unemployment you must give up your first born.

11. In order to collect unemployment you must sign a contract in blood.  You must also sign an organ donor card.

12. In order to collect unemployment you must walk across a pit of hot coal while reciting the Pledge of Allegiance.

The constitution of the Enrico Stennett Educational Foundation (E.S.E.F) project contains two articles:

Mission and Programme

Officers and Official duties

Mission Statement

The purpose of the E.S.E.F is to provide a basic training in numeracy

and literacy for all ages to those in need in Jamaica.

Hence enabling everyone to have a basic education and the development of reading and writing skills, thus giving him or her the same social background skills that their peers possess. 

All information herein is the sole copyright property of E.S.E.F and should not be copied nor ideas used in any form without prior permission. 

Article 1 -

Mission and Organizational Programme 

Our Mission Statement will be met in the following ways: 

To actively provide services which respond to the needs of those who are unable to read or write.  To provide any up to date material for those who are deemed socially disadvantaged due to their inability to read or write. 

To provide training in numeracy and literacy. 

To hold training sessions within the appropriate communities to meet the needs of the beneficiaries. 

To work with other organisations and projects in any catchment area for the benefit of the individuals who meet the criteria. 

To generate a communal spirit among those that E.S.E.F has contact with and to treat all citizens of Jamaica with equal validity.   

Issues and Concerns 

Through its mission, E.S.E.F seeks to address several major issues and concerns affecting the citizens of Jamaica.  These issues include:-

1.      Education 

         To provide training in numeracy and literacy.

         To hold training sessions within the appropriate communities to meet the needs

         Of the beneficiaries. 

2.    Social and Health Issues  

         Raise awareness of other agencies the families may benefit from

         which are Available for them within the community.      

         Giving the family equal opportunity in the work place through the opportunity

          Of equal reading and writing skills to that of their peers. 

Organizational Programmes:

E.S.E.F seeks to implement its mission and address the preceding issues and concerns through the following methods and programs:- 

Making contact through: 

Schools

Churches

Community Centres

Doctor’s surgeries

Hospitals

Social Services

Directors:      

Management 

Leaflets will be produced and made available through the above organisations.  Potential beneficiaries will be able to make direct contact with the Foundation and an appointment will be made for an initial visit. 

The Project Director will meet with the person to ascertain their needs and validate the same.  Quarterly Committee meetings which will consist of a written agenda, given to Committee Members at least 14 days prior to the meeting shall be held to discuss and formally note in the minutes all the activities and names of beneficiaries which have taken place during the previous quarter. 

At such meetings future activities and advice on the running of the Foundation shall be made.  Written records of the discourse, and recorded practical solutions and or resolutions shall be adhered to and kept on file for records. 

Maintenance of our ongoing service shall be established. 

Active and accurate files kept on various programs within the Foundation and clear evaluations given. 

Article 2 – Officers and Official Duties 

The Foundation seeks to create an organization free of bureaucracy and elaborate hierarchy.  No member of the project team will possess exclusive decision making authority.  All members will share in organizational responsibilities.  However there will exist designated positions to be filled by Officers who will exercise and accept certain primary responsibilities for the organization.  These Officer positions and responsibilities are as follows: 

The Co-ordinator 

This Officer will seek to keep informed of key issues and needs relevant to E.S.E.F through links with schools and other community groups. 

He will hold the primary responsibility of organizing, developing strategic ways or collating and disseminating information in its various forms. 

He will ensure that the profile of The Foundation is maintained at all times. 

He will co-ordinate the administration and finances for the project and maintain an accurate record of all those who have benefited from the projects operation. 

Providing Numeracy and Literacy, setting it up in the community and giving the basic training are his direct responsibilities.  He will employ expertise as required. 

Project Secretary 

This Officer will be responsible for producing and disseminating minutes for the E.S.E.F members.  This Officer will also produce and impart communications decided upon in E.S.E.F meetings. 

Training 

This Officer will be responsible for the gathering of necessary information to ensure that all E.S.E.F workers receive and impart relevant training. 

Funding

This Officer will be responsible for exploring possible sources of funding which will benefit the Enrico Stennett Educational Foundation and its members.  They will also obtain and complete relevant forms with the support of other community groups if needed. 

Safety Officer 

This Officer will be responsible for informing the E.S.E.F workers with regards to safety and deal with any problems which might occur where necessary, making certain that the Foundation Policies be adhered to.

.

     On September 30, 2011 a Fox News article written by John Lott, titled, “Media Silence Is Deafening about Important Gun News” was published on the Fox News web page. It was on the Fox News web page and some of you may have read the article.  The article stated that since the new gun laws where put into effect in Washington D.C., the crime rate has not only gone down, but has plummeted. The article talks about the fact that states, cities and countries that don’t allow its law abiding citizens to own and carry guns for protection are among those with the highest crime rates, and those crime rates continue to go up.  The article quotes Mayer Daily of Chicago and those in Washington who said that more guns will lead to more crime and that the courts in affect where making a bad decision when backing second amendment rights.  The New York Times just printed “A bad Decision”.  The truth is that nothing of the kind happened!  The fact is that, the crime rates since the law took effect have not only gone down, but have plummeted past the national average.  This is not strange, and is in effect an undisputable fact.  When decent law abiding citizens arm themselves people who would have otherwise hurt or robbed them decide that maybe it would be too dangerous, so they don’t. It has happened in every state that enacted a law allowing the good among us to defend them.  Some of you may still be saying that guns have killed children by accident and therefore should be banned.  More children die blowing up balloons and taking baths each year then by the gun.  Should we just ban balloons and baths as well?  I promised to tell you the truth and let you decide, but the facts themselves stand for themselves.  Where law abiding citizens carry guns, there is less crime of all types from robbery, to murder, to rape.  The truth is that it is a safer place to be, period.  I carry a gun and I have been trained to do so.  Most of the states train the folks who carry, and that is why it works so well and puts such a dent in the crime rate of that area.  You also need to know that most people in every state that carry guns never have to pull them out. The law that says they can pull them out if there life or the life of another is in danger has been enough to drop the crime rates to record lows.  Don’t believe the lies.  The truth is those in charge have may have some mayhem in their hearts, or maybe just a guilty conscience, but they are not happy that those they want to have control over carry a weapon.  What does all of this mean?  The government is not really on your side even though the facts prove that you are safer because of the second amendment, they would rather you be in the position of the people who live in New Jersey and New York where only the criminals have guns.  Oh yes, the criminals have guns, that is why we call then criminals and law breakers! No gun law stops crime, it only stops you from being protected.  Check out the crime rates of these states for yourselves if you don’t believe me. Police don’t and cannot stop crime, only investigate it after the fact or deter it if they can make their presence known.  The problem is that it takes the police to long to get to you if they even know you are in trouble in the first place.  When someone holds you up at gunpoint they don’t give you time to call the cops.  If someone decides to break into your house when you are there they are in and sometimes out before you even get a chance to call. That is you may get a chance to call if you are still around, and in condition when they are finished with you, to do so.  If you are wondering how I know, remember in the beginning of the book I told you I was, and still am a Nationally Certified Clinical Criminal Justice Specialist. I am telling you the truth about crime and the Police, I teach Police, and I know the truth. 

     As you can see by now I am not making this stuff up, but basing my opinions on experience, facts, and what knowing the facts and seeing with my own eyes tells me.  Hey like I said, Maybe it’s just me, but I am mad as hell! Aren’t you! Here is some food for thought; the Second Amendment says that we have a right as people to keep and bear arms, but it also says that we can have a militia if we think we need it to continue being a free state.  The government and anti-gun folks sometimes try to say that this part is what the amendment was meant for as if the second part doesn’t exist. Just think would you want good individuals bearing arms or should they just get large groups together and start a small army who then can bear arms? Remember a militia is not a professional group but a group created by individuals with enough money to outfit one.  It is a little army connected to whatever group they want to be.  I am not sure this is the way to go, but to each his own.

     One more change we need to make is to untie the hands of our law enforcement personnel. We need to give them the best chance we can against the criminal who not only have guns, but sometimes weapons that our Police officers can’t carry when trying to stop crime.  It is true we have to protect ourselves or have a cop in front of every home.  They do what they can, and our government and courts are no help to them giving criminals and those who would harm others more rights than victims. This has to change but even if it does, the facts prove that where law abiding citizens can defend themselves and carry guns, the crime rates are going down, and fast!

In 1973, Republicans had appointed 6 of the 9 Justices on the Supreme Court that decided the Roe case.  William Brennan and Potter Stewart were picked to the Court by President Eisenhower.  President Nixon got four appointments to the Court during his full term.  They were Warren Burger, Harry Blackmun, Lewis Powell and William Rehnquist.  Rehnquist was the only Republican appointee who voted no.  (Byron “Whizzer” White, a Kennedy appointee, was the only other no vote in the 7-2 decision). 

In 1975, William Douglas, an FDR appointee, resigned and President Gerald Ford selected John Paul Stevens.  Jimmy Carter was President from 1977-1981.  He got to make no picks to the Court.  In 1981, the pre-mentioned Ronald Reagan became President.  He had promised to appoint a woman to the Court with his first pick to the Supreme Court.  Stewart retired and Reagan appointed Sandra Day O’Connor to the Court.  In 1986, Warren Burger retired and Reagan appointed Antonin Scalia.  Scalia has consistently voted against abortion.  In 1987, Powell retired and Reagan attempted to get Robert Bork confirmed to the Court.  Bork would have certainly voted against abortion, but he got “borked” by Ted Kennedy as we all know.  Reagan settled on Anthony Kennedy, a man who claims to be Catholic.  In 1989 George Bush became President and in 1990, he appointed David Souter to replace Justice Brennan.  In 1991, President Bush appointed Clarence Thomas to replace Justice Marshall. 

So in 1992, when Planned Parenthood vs. Casey was heard by the Court, to confirm or reverse Roe, there were now 8 Republican nominees to the Court and Justice White who had voted against Roe.  The vote could be expected to be as much as 8-1 in favor of overturning Roe, but it was 5-4 to confirm Roe and abortion.  Stevens, O’Connor, Kennedy and Souter, Republican appointees all voted for abortion.  Am I making my point here? 

I am assuming after 1992 and Planned Parenthood since there has not been any abortion cases since then.  President Clinton was elected in 1992 and he got to replace pro-life Justice White with pro-choice justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg.  This made the score 6-3 for abortion.  In 1994, Clinton replaced Blackmun with Stephen Breyer.  This kept the score 6-3 for abortion. 

George Bush became President in 2001 and Chief Justice Rehnquist died in 2005.  He was replaced with John Roberts.  Again, I am assuming, but I assume that he would vote against abortion.  The score is still 6-3.  In 2006, Sandra Day O’Connor retired and Bush appointed Samuel Alito.  Alito certainly appears to be against abortion, so the score shifts to 5-4 for abortion. Barack Obama, Democrat was elected president in 2008 and he has been able to appoint two pro-abortion justices to the Court.  They are Sonia Sotomayor to replace Souter and Elena Kagan to replace John Paul Stevens.

Conclusion:  Like it or not, right or wrong, anyone that wants to vote for Republicans, but is afraid of abortion becoming illegal should not worry about it.  Republicans have had at least 5 appointees on the Court and sometimes as much as 8, but Roe vs. Wade has been legal the entire time. 

9

The Confederation and the Constitution

1776-1790

1. Pre-Reading Information

   1. American Revolution

      • Not a radical revolution/total change didn’t happen. Not many disturbed

      • Changes affected social customs, political institutions, ideas about society, government, and gender roles

2. The Pursuit of Equality

   1. Social Democracy

      • DOI: “All men created equal”

1.  
   1.  

      • Reduced property holding requirements for voting + men/women who weren’t wealthy demanded to be called Mr/Mrs. Boss, not master, Primogeniture removed

1.  
   1.  

      • 1784 ship of Ind. Servants released in NY, due to status violating democratic ideals

        • 1800 servitude gone

      • Continental Army officers formed exclusive hereditary orders, Society of the Cincinnati

      • Further stimulated by growth of trade organization for artisans/laborers

   2. Separation of Church and State

      • Congregational Church still remained in authority, Anglican Church → Protestant Episcopal Church, and was disestablished

      • Virginia Statue for Religious Freedom, Thomas Jefferson + co-reformers, 1786, separated religion and government VA

   3. Slavery

      • Philadelphia Quakers 1775 anti-slavery society. Cont. Congress. 1774, called for abolition of slavery, which most colonies responded +, & several north states abolished slavery outright

      • States south of PA didn’t abolish slavery + North/South had laws discriminating African Americans:Being barred from having property, holding certain jobs + educating children, and anti interracial marriage laws came up

      • Didn’t knock out slavery because didn’t want fragile union to collapse

   4. Woman’s rights

      • Low woman’s rights, NJ 1776 for a time allowed to vote, but most doing woman’s work at time

      • Civic virtue- Unselfishness of citizen for public good , and women taught these virtues to kids

2. Constitution Making in the States

   1. Continental Congress 1776

      • Called to write new constitution, RI/CT retouched their charters, others had republic spirit

      • MA- Special Convention, drafted constitution then submitted final draft to people for ratific. , once adopted 1780, couldn’t be changed except by another constitutional convention

   2. State Constitutions

      • State constitutions had a lot in common with each other. British tradition = constitutions not written document but collection of laws,customs,precedents

      • Americans invented something different, documents = contracts defining power of gov’t + authority from people, not from royal seal/king

      • State constitutions, intended to rep. Fundamental law. Included bills of rights, guaranteeing liberties, new legislature annually, weak executive/judicial branches.

      • All states legislature given most power, but Paine + Americans disagreed

      • Democratic character of new legislature demonstrated from recent enfranchised poorer western districts, had major effect like moving capitals westward(NY, VA, NC, NH, SC, GA)

3. Economic Crosscurrents

   1. Economic Changes

      • States seized control of crown lands, Loyalist holdings confiscated + cut up into small farms

      • Roger Morris’s estate NY was cut up into 250 parcels, accelerating spread of economic democracy, which preceded political democracy.

      • Stimulus given to manufacturing by the prewar non importation agreements, and later by the war itself. Good imported to Britain cut off. America remained nation of farmers

      • Americans barred from British + British West Indies, fisheries disrupted, and bounties for ships stores had ended.

        • Allowed to trade freely with foreign nations + subject to local restrictions

      • Yankees sail to Baltic/China. 1784 Empress of China, ginseng came into East Asia markets

      • War had spawned demoraliz. Extravagance, speculation + profiteering (as high as 300%)

      • State governments under too much debt to ever repay, inflation ruining citizens Congress failed at curb economic laws. Better off before war than after. New rich class of profiteers

4. A Shaky Start Toward Unity

   1. Creating and Operating a New Central Government

      • Hard to setup a new government of a new type. American was not very unified

      • Political system left to experimentation/innovation, and mass confusion

      • 1786 British goods hit American market hurting War-baby American industries

      • All colonies similar in government, + G. Wash, J. Madison, J. Adams, T. Jefferson, A. Hamilton, political leaders

5. Creating a Confederation

   1. Second Continental Congress

      • Conference of ambassadors, states were essentially sovereign, raised armies/navies, and taxed

      • Before decl. Independence 1776, asked committee for written constitution. Articles of Confederation = finished product, 1777, + translated into French after Saratoga for French supp.

        • Not accepted by all 13 states until 1781

      • 6 states had no holdings past Allegheny mountains, and 7 were favored with enormous acreage. Those with Allegheny lands could sell and pay debts, but those w/o had to heavily tax

      • Unanimous approval of AoC required, and VA held out until March 1, 1781. Congress pledged to dispose these vast areas for the “common benefit”. Agreed to carve from the new public domain where “republican states” would be admitted into with complete equality. Later redeemed in Northwest Ordinance of 1787

      • Fertile public lands transferred to central gov’t +westward pioneers purchased land from federal government

6. The Articles of Confederation: America’s First Constitution

   1. Articles of Confederation

      • 13 states linked together to deal with common problems, Congress chief agency of gov’t, not executive/judicial branch.

      • Each state had a single vote, any bills dealing with important subjects required 9 votes, and amendments req. unanimous ratification. Unanimity almost impossible, amending process unworkable.

   2. Congress

      • Congress weak, designed to be weak, suspicious states didn’t want American Parliament to take their newly acquired privileges

      • Two handicaps of Congress, no power to regulate commerce => states establish different/conflicting laws about taxes/navigation. Couldn’t enforce tax-collection program either. Asked states to contribute their share on voluntary basis, only got ¼ of what they asked for

      • National gov’t in Philadelphia, could not command/control/coerce independent states , could not act upon citizens, could not protect itself against indignities. 1783 group of angry PA soldiers demonstrated in front of Ind. Hall, and Congressmen forced to flee after no help.

      • Less effective than Continental Congress

      • AoC loose model of what confederation out to be like. T. Jeff. “Heaven and hell”

      • Stepping stone to current Constitution, outlined general powers exercised by central gov’t like treaty making + postal service

7. Landmarks in Land Laws

   1. Congress of the Confederation

      • Succeeded in passing supremely farsighted pieces of legislation

        • Related to the public domain recently acquired by states known as Old Northwest

   2. Townships

      • Land Ordinance 1785, said acreage of Old Northwest sold to pay national debt.

      • Was to be divided into townships 6 miles square, split into 36 sections, 16th section sold for benefit of public schools. Northwest = Orderly, Ohio River = Chaos

      • Northwest Ordinance of 1787, came to grips about how country should deal with colonies. There would be 2 evolutionary stages, where area would be subordinated to federal gov’t. After 60,000 people there, it could become a state. Slavery banned in Northwest

8. The World’s Ugly Duckling

   1. Foreign Relations

      • British refused to make commercial treaty or repeal Navigation Laws. Lord Sheffield argued that they would win back American trade anyways. Closed Brit West Indies to Americans

      • Brits intrigued by Allen brothers and sought to annex Vermont to Britain. Redcoats stayed in north to trade with Indians and to keep Indian support in order to defend Canada

      • Grievances against Britain made Americans mad, and they demanded that US impose restrictions on British imports to America, but Congress could not control commerce.

      • Spain unfriendly to new Republic, owned mouth of the Mississippi, and 1784 closed it to American commerce. Also owned GoM + Florida.

      • Natchez on disputed soil held important fort. Brits + Spanish + Indians prevented American from having effective control on ½ its territories

      • French demanded repayment of money loaned during war, and placed trade restrictions

      • North African pirates ravaged Mediterranean commerce + enslaved Yankee sailors. British purchased protection for their own subjects, including Americans, until independence.

9. The Horrid Specter of Anarchy

   1. Economic Storm Clouds

      • System of raising money was failing, public debt piling up + nations credit evaporating

      • States were getting out of hand quarreling over boundaries + taxing things from one another

      • Shay’s Rebellion 1786, led by Capt Daniel Shay, impoverished farmers losing land due to mortgage, wanted state to issue paper money, lighten taxes, and suspend property takeovers

      • MA authorities raised a small army, killing the movement in Springfield, but passed debtor-relief laws

      • Republicanism had fed an insatiable appetite for liberty that was fast becoming license. Civic virtue not good enough. A strong central government was needed, instead of republicanism

      • Wealthy conservatives wanted a strong central government, and poor wanted anarchy. But everyone agreed Confederation needed strengthening

      • Nearly half the states had not issued paper $$. 1789 overseas shipping regained place in world

10. A Convention of “Demigods”

    1. Control of Commerce

       • VA calls for convention at Annapolis, MA, 1786. 9 states appointed delegates, 5 represented

       • Hamilton called for Congress to summon convention to meet in Phili next year, to bolster AoC

    2. Meeting in Philadelphia

       • Every state chose a representative(Except RI), who were appointed by voters. When one of them mentioned restricting federal office to major property owners, he was denounced for interweaving republican constitution a veneration for wealth”

       • Quorum of 55 emisaries from 12 states convened @ Phili May 25 1787. Session held in secrecy

       • Most emissaries were lawyers, and most had helped write constitutions in their own state

       • G. Wash elected chairman. J. Mad. 36 at time, “Father of the constitution”, Hamilton = 32, 5 hr speech

       • Many revolutionary leaders of 1776 were not there, like Jefferson, Adams, and Paine

11. Patriots in Philadelphia

    1. The Delegates

       • Were a conservative body, none from poorer debtor group, 19/55 owned slaves, nationalists. Desired firm, dignified, and respected gov’t

       • Delegates determined to preserve union, forestall anarchy, ensure security of life and property against dangerous uprising.

12. Hammering out a Bundle of Compromises

    1. A Daring Step

       • Delegates decided they would scrap old AoC, instead of revise. Said that representation in House + Congress should be based on population, but small NJ said that Congress should have the same amount of people. The two sides got into a deadlock

       • House of Representatives = Based on population, Senate = 2 people per state. All tax bills/revenue measures had to originate in the house

       • New Constitution provided for a executive in the presidency. President was to have broad authority, + to be able to veto legislature. President allowed to wage war but Congress was the one who declared war

       • Constitution was a bundle of compromises. Method of electing president was with Electoral Colleges rather than directly. Large states had advantage in first round of voting, small states had a larger voice of no candidate got a majority of electoral votes and the election thrown to HoR

         • Election by House happened twice, 1800 + 1824

       • Slaves decided to be considered 3/5 of a power (“3/5 compromise”). Most states wanted to shut down slave trade, but SC + GA protested. Left issue untouched until 1807.

13. Safeguards fro Conservatism

    1. Delegates Clashes

       • Delegates agreed over the majority of things, members of Cont Congress saw eye to eye, demanding sound money + protection of private property. Politically in agreement about 3 branches system with checks and balances, and convention eventually virtually unanimous

       • Federal judges appointed for life, president indirectly appointed by Electoral College, Senators chosen indirectly by slate legislature. Only in HoR were people allowed to choose by vote

       • New charter contained democratic elements, 2 main republican ideas, that the only legitimate government was based on the consent of the governed, and the power of government limited. Virtue of people, not authority, was the guarantor of liberty, justice, + order

       • End of 17 weeks, May 25 – Sept 17, 1787, only 42/55 remained to sign Constitution. 3/42 refused to, returning to states to resist ratification. No member of convention 100% happy

14. The Clash of Federalists and Anti-federalists

    1. Acceptance

       • Since Framing Fathers knew that RI would veto the Constitution made it so that 9/13 states needed so that Constitution becomes supreme law in their lands

       • This way framers could get popular sanction for their handiwork, and a divided Congress could submit the doc to the states on this basis, w/o recommendation

       • American people surprised that a new document had come out instead of a revised AoC. Anti-federalists who opposed strong federal gov’t were against the federalists who favored it

       • Samuel Adams, Patrick Henry, Richard Henry Lee led anti-federalists. Included state right devotees,back country dwellers,and one horse farmers(poorest classes basically), also by debtors

       • Federalists had more power + influence, including G. Wash + B. Frank. Most who lived by seaboard, were wealthier, and controlled the press. 1780’s 12/100 were antifederalist

       • Antifederalists thought Constitution was going to take power away from the common folk, and that there was no bill of rights.

15. The Great Debate in the States

    1. Acceptance

       • Special elections held in various states for members of ratifying convention, elected based on pledges for or against Constitution

       • 4 states quickly accepted the Constitution. PA #2 on list of ratifiers, first large state to act, but not until irregularities had been employed by federalist legislature in calling a convention, including forced seating of 2 antifederalist members

       • MA, 2nd most populous state, held Boston ratifying convention. Included Shaysites and antifederalist majority, + Samuel Adams. Absence of BoR alarmed anti F’s, but assured that first Congress would add one, and ratification was then secured in MA 187 to 168

       • 3 more states fell into line, last being NH, who first had anti F majority, but then secured ratification still.

       • Document officially adopted June 21, 1788.

16. The Four Laggard States

    1. Virginia

       • Anti F opposition, incl Patrick Henry saying he fears to document will warrant death to liberty

       • With NH about to ratify, Union was about to be formed, and VA could not be comfortable as an independent state, and eventually ratified after an exciting debate

    2. New York

       • Heavily anti F state convention

       • Hamilton favored stronger central gov’t, but he used his personality to whip up support for federalism. He also joined John Jay + James Madison in making a series of article for NY papers. (designed as propaganda). (The Federalist)

       • NY finally yielded after realizing they couldn’t prosper w/o the Union

    3. The Other States

       • NC/RI rejected the Constitution

       • Last 4 states eventually ratified because they had to in order to be safe.

17. A Conservative Triumph

    1. Minority triumphs

       • Triumphed in American revolution, and overthrowing the AoC , 11 ratified and 2 stayed in the cold

       • Only ¼ adult males had voted for delegates. If the Constitution had been submitted to manhood-suffrage vote would have probably been defeated

       • Conservatism victorious, safegaurds placed against mob-rule , while republican views from the Revolution stayed. Federalists believed that if they set American on the right course, they could restore economic/political stability

       • Architects of Constitution conserved principle of republican government through redefinition of popular sovereignty. Federalists believed every branch of gov’t represented the 

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nks!