In International Encyclopedia Incorporated explained that Philology is the study of written relics of ancient languages ​​and forms that are older than the existing language. Philology is not just talk about and discuss the words in a text only, in a broader sense to discuss and investigate the culture of a nation based on the manuscript. We can know the background of the national culture that produced the manuscript.

Philology objects found in the form of an old manuscript in the library. The meaning of the text is all the handwritten materials. In terms of the written heritage of Philology all written by hand of our ancestors on paper, papyrus, bark, and rattan, called a script.

Largest manuscript libraries in various cities in Indonesia are well known include: Jakarta (National Library and the Faculty of Letters University of Indonesia), London (Museum Sono Budoyo), Surakarta (Radya Mangkunegaran Library and Kraton), Bali (Bali Museum, Gedong Kirtya, and University Press).

Based on the materials used, can be classified on the text:
A. The manuscript is written on paper and daluwang
2. Manuscripts written on palm leaves
3. Manuscripts written on palm leaves
4. The manuscript is written on the bark
5. The manuscript is written on bamboo
6. The manuscript is written on rattan

Can be concluded that philology is the branch of linguistics that examines ancient texts and determine the original form and meaning to know the culture of a nation that has the text. Or. philology is a science that investigates human culture based on ancient texts of human creation.

So what does the underwear of a woman say about her personality? It seems that women are placed under some degree of societal pressure to conform by wearing erotically-appealing garments such as short shorts, tank tops, tiny bikini panties , and thongs. Out of this pressure from society and ergo acceptable fashion items in our modern society, arise at least three main personalities of women. The first kind is the woman who not only chooses to conform to society by wearing the given article of clothing, but she also chooses to embrace it. In other words, she chooses to wear the clothing and gladly make sure everyone is aware that she is sexually appealing and/or available. This is the definiation of what society calls a “slut”. The second personality is the woman who chooses to not conform to society. This is the woman who doesn’t feel like she needs to show her breasts or wear those shorts that highlight her buttocks and legs. She wants people to appreciate her for her personality and intelligence as well as her beauty. This type of woman is often deemed to be “ugly” and “base” by the popular media. They are criticized and the characters in movies and tv shows that represent this personality are often depicted as lonely, angry, and depressed individuals. The final personality is the one that is idealized in reality and in popular media. It is the kind of woman that chooses to conform to societal pressure, but doesn’t embrace the sexualization like the first personality mentions. She desires to be seen as physically and sexually attractive through her choice of fashion, but she doesn’t have a drive to “do it” with anyone. She may be the kind of girl that wants sex to be something special and with someone she loves. She can be described as “innocent” or ” cute.” 

Finally, in many instances in our society, it is the third personality that is most desired by men and exemplifed by the popular media. In movies, men are seen constantly hooking up with the first personality, the slut, but they hardly ever end up with the slut. They usually settle for the third personality. The third is more like a more mild version of the first personality. The reason for this could be evolutionary and will be discussed in my next article. In summary, the reason could be that men desire the third personality most because they are motivated by physical arousal, but they also want a sense of control or authority. Thus, a woman that is more reserved in her sexual history will be more appealing because she would have been with less men and thus giving her particular man a sense of control or even relief. She becomes more of “his territory.” This explanation could thus potentially help us to explore the roots of patriarchy in society. More on this in my next article. 

When he/she says “I am more [or only] attracted to members of my sex, I understand that.  To add though, “thus, I must stick with members of my sex for both social and sexual fulfillment” is as wrong as wrong can be wrong.

Your author is an “excessively often” patient at a VA hospital. As I am aging, I have receiving more discomfort able feelings within my body. While the gay community would be saying “that’s natural, just smile and enjoy it”–I say instead, “why am I in pain here or there?”  I want to cure the pain.
 
Psychologists and physicians have for over a hundred years, said that some aches and pains are “just part of aging process.”  I say bunk.  Absurd.  HOW can I associate my aches and pains with a person claiming to be a happy gay?  It is easy.  He is misfired and wants to stay misfired.  I on the other hand, want the reason for my aches and pains and cures for same.  In many cases, I have such aches and pains because I have bumped into something and not realized it.  In other cases, it is because some of my internal chemistry is weak–I have not eaten sufficient amounts of this or that. Or, I have traveled somewhere that has had viruses, and other bad junk in the air or lying on something and I got too close to those things and it attached to me.  I have a skin rash and am under care for it.  I had another one last year that came from a dangerous tree I was trimming.  A tree that
is dangerous!  Yes.  Just like oleanders are dangerous if swallowed.

Let’s also try another tack on this idea of aberration.  Some people hear things others do not–I hear ringing and doctors think it is from loss of hearing–thus, one type of ringing to make up for another?  I don’t buy their explanation. But there is not sufficient medical knowledge to find out where and how cerebral Tinnitus exists.

How about those born with poor vision, poor sense of smell, a weak set of organs so that they cannot speak?  How about palsy so that they cannot walk upright smoothly?

Instead of doctors ignoring those maladies–they have such options as hearing aids, as sign language courses, as glasses, as septum surgery, and more.  Some people, because of being born with things lacking, have either borrowed body parts attached or artificial limbs attached.  We have artificial eyes. And ears.  And teeth.  EVERY body part has artificial cousins available.  When those are not feasible, then there is adaptive training–how to live with what and how one is.

Let’s now discuss our culture and our acceptances and what we do not do.  We do not want those who have limb problems to drag themselves across the floor–so we have wheel chairs.  We don’t want those with arms missing to just have no arms so –with applicable surgeries, mechanical arms are available–they don’t work as smoothly as  real arms do but they do work.

There are gizmos we press to our throats for assistance in speaking.

We have medicines for those whose synapses lose synchronization and cause people to hear sounds from their memory cores that sound like “inapplicable sounds.”

And for those who have almost complete mis alignment/firings of synapses, we have mental hospitals.  We do not let those people out to harm themselves or others.

Finally, we have a Cher child who wants her clitoris and vagina removed and a penis attached.  Without a doubt, that is because mom has enough money and let’s her children do whatever they wish.  Then, to show them the end result, the quasi-male child goes on TV to say “hey, my vagina and labia are gone, whoopie!”

And some sad people have one of each–a penis and vagina. WOW.  Ouch.

For some ungodly reason, as one philosopher said accurately ages ago, it seems the patients have taken over the asylum.  Instead of working to synchronize with the physical material one is made of–this body of people say “I prefer to limit my sex to someone of my sex–even though it is nauseating to others–even though I have to say “my male wife, or my husband when a male is talking.”  Instead of getting therapy to synchronize with what one was born with, these people want to make aberrant bodies and ideas into normal ones–and that can’t be done.

We don’t help rapists rape, we don’t help liars lie, we don’t help murders murder, we don’t force the physically limited to drag themselves on the ground.  We help those who have been born or have had accidents, to return to THEIR base, their grounding.  I am not talking about the church; I am talking about medicine and hardware to help those who feel “different” adapt to their losses or their mis wiring so that–a male who feels like a female but has a penis, can get therapy to synchronize with his penis and to enjoy females.  Females who have been treated poorly by 1 or 2 males does not make being sexually with other females the best way to adapt–instead, she needs therapy to find a good male.

Yet, instead of a few dozen, this body of aberrants [those of one sex who dislike their sex] wants to bring out publicly–I demand to be treated like who I feel–even though I am not one. YET, society will not give the same privilege to those who want to have children as partners, who want to be accepted rapists, accepted thieves, accepted liars, accepted murderers.  It is because they feel they are normal when they are not normal.  Imagine a gay person who gets a broken leg, or has a headache, and goes to the doctor for care and the doctor says ‘learn to accept a broken  leg.  Before, you were able to walk smoothly. Now, you will have to use a cane or crutch.  Drink a lot, forget your headache.

We can accept who we are or we can work to correct it. A midget can try to become an Olympian pole vaulter. 

Lastly: the public thing.
There are many many things people can do in their own home that they cannot do in public: having sex, going to the toilet, being nude, yelling at each other, trashing something, and the list goes on.   NORMAL people who created these “Not in public, please” include men and men and women and women holding hands in public.  It is sickening.  It is nauseating.  It is like having sex in public. Keep it private–or those things now considered improper or even illegal, can be made legal.  Man made them illegal, he can change it.   A current popular author wrote about different behaviors that created a “tipping point.”  Would you like behaviors that are now illegal to become legal?  We can help do that–since being and displaying gay behavior is ugly and sickening to MOST of us. Not just a few of us, but MOST people in America are sickened by gay activitism.  And we can be forced to accept you on the streets and in some states, and we can make things you find abhor, legal.

Logical people know that gay people are just trying to say: “Hey, I demand this.”  Children demand.  Adults earn.  Imagine all the rapists, murderers, embezzlers and other aberrant people demanding equal rights–the right to continue doing what they are doing.  They are born different.  In some societies, raping, embezzling, and murdering is acceptable–it demonstrates strength!

Which do you want in your society?

In the morning nearly all the Bedouins started his activities as a farmer went to the fields. The girls and women weave cloth for their own use or sold to the guests who visit the cendramata. Joy of children playing around the village because they are educated from the customary nature and their own parents. In the Bedouin have never established a formal school in general, so modern as ethnic Bedouin did not know reading and writing. Their language is a dialect of Sunda Sunda Kulon. Every person who understands Sundanese no trouble communicating with them because the difference is only in the pronunciation intonation alone. While Indonesian is usually only understood by the young Bedouin.

Living with nature, providing a quiet and peaceful life for the Bedouin because they were not allowed diperkampungan no motorized vehicles, no radio or television, does not require illumination from the source of electrical energy generated and all forms of modern culture.

Places of interest in Baduy among others, the Bedouin traditional house made uniform. There is no rich or poor, they make a traditional house made of Bamboo is almost the same, wood and thatched roofed or similar Pandan leaves. Rice also has its own charm, with a typical form for storage of rice crops that are resistant to many years as a backup for party supplies or food due to drought drawback. For processing of paddy into rice they do not use the machine, but still use the traditional tools of lisung and Alu pounder is usually done by Bedouin women. Make the palm sugar is also one of livelihood there. Palm to palm sugar or agricultural products are much in demand outside the Bedouin community because in addition to flavor and aroma of sugar palm / palm is sweet and fragrant drink is also good to be in shape.

Ciujung beauty of the river that flows along the Bedouin village main attraction, besides air and unspoiled clear water, swift currents also attracted many entrants for taking the swim and bathe in the river because this opportunity may not be obtained in urban rivers.

Clothes they only know two colors: black or dark colors (dark blue) to the State and the White Bedouin to Bedouin In. Headband which they named Udeng always be worn by both men was a child and adult. While the Bedouin girls and women always wore a certain model kebaya and fabric.

How to reach the Bedouin village is quite easy to reach for 4 hours by car from Jakarta. The quality of the road from Jakarta to Rangkasbitung very good and wide. Terdekatpun still further to the village about 40 km is paved. Although not as wide as before, but has paved a smooth and presents views of verdant hills.

Bedouin village in general can be visited at any time. But because of all the action in Baduy done on foot, should avoid the long rainy season as Novemember – February. If rain falls only two or three times a week, can still be recommended to visit there because usually if there is still the rainy season, at night we still had the opportunity to see the number of fireflies twinkling thousands around the village.

Moreover, it’s time arrived the night of full moon, the night there is very impressive. Bedouin tradition that used to just use the illumination of light vegetable oil and even then only in the house, then outside the house light moon and stars give a dominant lighting illuminates the township. The moon and stars seemed so close to Earth. Almost like living in the 12th century when modern technology such as electricity, cement, telephone, radio has not been found.

Wedding Dress For Happy Couple in Love (Photo credit: epSos.de)

In Java marriage occurs due to the decision of a loving couple or due to the wish of their parents. This has been a matter of principle since the ancient time. A Javanese proverb says witing tresna jalaran saka kulina which can be translated as ‘love grows as you get more used to each other’. Up to now most javanese still stay close to the family. Family solidarity is of prime importance.

In the past parents of a man sent an envoy to parents of a woman proposing that their son is willing to marry their daughter. Nowaday, for practical reasons, parent of both sides can talk directly. Parents of the couple have to approve the marriage.

Every marriage pattern differs in make-up and dresses for the bride and groom. Parents of the would-be-bride plan the wedding ceremony which must be followed by peningsetan (traditional engagement), siraman (bathing ceremony), midodareni (ceremony on the wedding eve), and panggih (ritual meeting). There are also things to be decided, like what kind of dresses the parents should wear, what kind of batik pattern, what colour, etc.

A complete javanese wedding ceremony has several complicated traditional make-up woman who leads the whole ceremony is very important. She takes care of make-up and dressing of the bride and the groom, the different kinds of offerings, the different kinds of ceremonies during the event, etc.

The wedding party should be prepared carefully as it contains a lot of things to do, no matter which ceremony is choosen. A small committee of close relatives and friends from both families is set up. The size depends on the size of the party and the number of guest who would be invited (300, 500, 1000 or more guests). In fact, a wedding ceremony is a big society in Indonesia.

The Matis live in the Javari valleys of the Amazon Forest bordering Peru and Brazil. They still live the way original Matis lived over 100,000 years ago, surving purely as a hunter gatherer society. They are a small tribe of about 300 and they only got to known in the 1970s.

When you meet a typical Matis today, you are as lucky as a person who has gone back 100,000 years in time. They present to you a glimpse into  our  past at the very dawn of time in human history. The Matis live a very egalitarian life and are generally very friendly people. It does seem that like most un-contacted people around the Amazon, the Matis of Peru are generally more healthier and happier. They do a bit of cultivation to supplement their hunter gatherer economic life. They are experts in using a blowgun with poison darts for killing their prey in the forest.

 The Matis are generally naked people. Although the younger ones are beginning to wear cloth around their bodies, the older Matis still generally live completely as  naked as they were thousands of years ago. They however, use facial ornamentation and tattooes and enjoy a rich culture where many colorful ceremonies such as Mariwin, the Ritual of Capybara, the Dance of Queixada, and the Poison Frog Ceremony are observed in fan-fare with many participants heavily masked and painted in all manner of colors.

 Apart from hunting and a bit of farming, the Matis Indians hare also great fishermen who intriguingly use herbs to suffocate the fish in the rivers from where they just pick them up when they have died and floated on water. They are experts in traditional medicine and treat all their patients using herbs based on their expertise and wide array of knowledge about plants with medicinal properties in the forest.

There is no doubt that the Matis, like many un-contacted tribes in the forest are slowly but surely being invaded by western civilization. Though none of the 300 Matis believed to be living in the Javari valleys have been to school, with the destruction of the forests, these tribesmen will soon have no choice but to come out and mix with other world societies.

NATIVE AMERICAN

History book after history book has told their part in the making of America and most of that telling has at least in part been badly distorted.  The early European arrivals to America wrote most of the earliest historical records we have about the Native people and much of that recorded by the colonist after the arrival of the Europeans at Jamestown and in Plymouth and was written from a European view point and not necessarily true but truth as they saw it. 

The Native people in most all cases passed on their history and cultural beliefs by oral means, storytelling and most did not have a written language as such but did leave evidence of their history in Petroglyphs and those things from their culture that they left behind.  They had and still have their legends and their lore, their religious, social and political beliefs that they passed down through the generations.  A lot of it is very different from what the history books tell. 

The lives and history of the Native peoples of America have been seriously misrepresented and stereotyped and branded as everything from devil possessed creatures and uncivilized, to ruthless warriors and noble savages but few have ever recognized them as a brave and honorable people protecting their homeland, their families, their rights and their beliefs and customs.  There were many and still are many conflicts and adjustments between the aborigines of America and the new European style culture (now American culture) that descended upon America with the arrival of the colonist and a lot of what we have been lead to believe is taught from only the white mans perspective.   

The Native people of America are made up of approximately 562 different tribes and speak approximately 60 different native languages according to the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs. (That would be the tribes the BIA recognizes and there are still others who have not yet received that status but still claim a pre-Columbian heritage.) 

At one time there were several million Native peoples living on American land.  Today they make up only about 1.5% of the entire American population, this including Alaskan and Hawaii indigenous peoples and most of these Natives are no longer full-blooded Native people and may be as little as 1/8 Native.  Many Americans who can only claim to have 1/16 or fewer genes from a Native people still proudly claim that heritage and it is a heritage to be proud of.

Most of the Native tribes had a matrilineal culture meaning that the people who lived upon a certain area of land occupied that land for the use of the entire community for hunting, fishing, gathering and agriculture.  They had a sophisticated system and grew crops such as maize (corn), beans and squash and other crops.  They knew about irrigation, and knew what wild plants were good for both food and medicine.  They knew how to work stone and carve wood and build homes and boats and tools they needed to do these things and yes, weapons.  There were potters and weavers and miners and doctors and lawyers and judges and teachers and religious and political leaders just as there were in the European societies only their customs were different in many ways and not understood by the European colonist who had a very different perspective and began to try and force their views on the indigenous people on whose land and culture they were infringing.

The indigenous culture in America when the colonist first arrived was so different from what the colonist had ever known that they didn’t and probably really couldn’t understand the ways of the Native people and for the most part considered the Native people to be uncivilized, even heathenistic savages to be feared and superstitions developed and a lot of distrust on both sides. 

When something like that happens, whether it was then or now, it usually comes down to war and that is what happened.  In war, few truly win and someone always loses.  Everyone gets hurt.  However, we will defend our people, our land, our culture and beliefs and our heritage with all the might we have.

The differences in cultures between the established Native Americans and the colonist, as well as shifting alliances among different nations of each culture caused a whole lot of social and ethnic tension and political unrest.   On top of this, the indigenous Native people of America suffered high fatalities from epidemics caused by infectious European diseases like small pox brought to America when the colonist settled here. Thousands upon thousands of Native Americans died from these diseases because they had no immunity to them.  

After the American Revolution against Britain and the United States of America became its own free nation, President George Washington, known later to the Native peoples as “the great white father,” and Henry Knox, the Secretary of War under President Washington, came up with the idea of “civilizing” the indigenous Native Americans so that they might become United States citizens by assimilating them into the American democratic culture and religious and social customs  through education and religious training, whether forced or voluntary, and that quickly became the policy of the American administrations during the 19th century turned into an American nationalist movement during the expansion period with missions and “Indian schools” popping up everywhere as the Americans began the great western movement increasing pressure on Native American people trying to protect their way of life and their lands, causing rising tensions between the Native people and the pioneers and the Indian wars of the pre-revolutionary era spread west.

By 1783, the United States was a new nation of about 3 million people living, for the most part, along the Atlantic coastal regions with the Native Americans mostly now living on lands west of the Appalachian Mountains. By 1890 the United States had expanded from coast to coast and had a population of about 66 million people with only about 250,000 Indians remaining and most of them were living on reservations holding just a very small fraction of the land they once controlled.

In 1830,Congress passed the Indian Removal Act, authorizing the government to relocate the Native people from their homelands within established States to lands west of the Mississippi River, opening up safer passage for those Americans moving west and by 1840 most of the Eastern tribes had been forced to move west beyond the Mississippi River and were for the most part assimilated into other tribes.

George Washington, and Henry Knox both claimed to respect Indian rights and promised to secure Indian lands for white settlement only through treaty and purchase but by the mid 1800’s homesteaders, miners, and railroad companies, assisted by the United States Army were encroaching on land supposedly set aside by treaty for the Native peoples that was supposedly agreed upon by both parties, even if reluctantly and was to last forever. 

That didn’t happen and promises were not kept and treaties were broken while again and again the Native people tried to rise up in their own defense but no matter how diligently they tried they had been so stripped of man power and resources that they found themselves overwhelmed by American financial and military resources and they were consistently being robbed of more and more of their dignity as a people as well as their land and natural resources even while they tried incorporating the religion and economic and cultural values into their communities.  Even diplomacy and the legal system failed them at every turn.  It seemed the Americans were going to take whatever they wanted by any means it took to get it even to the rape of the land, its natural resources and its Native people and the Native people fought back to conserve that which was theirs from the beginning every way they knew how.

The first encounters with the western interior tribes were generally fur traders and trappers, and then the Jesuit missionaries followed by the homesteaders and the “Gold Rush” as those families whose forefathers had been pilgrims, separatist and puritans who had first come here to escape radical conditions forced their way into the American West perpetrating those same conditions on the natives of this land that their forefathers had run from and then fought to get their freedom from in order to build a new nation.  Before long homesteaders, land speculators, loggers and miners came into increasing conflict with the Western tribes trying to protect their land and way of life.

Many of these tribes were nomadic people, their lives based on the seasonal hunting of buffalo and other game as they followed the herds from place to place. They put up a strong resistance to the western movement and development of their homelands in the decades during and directly following the American Civil War in what is known as the Indian Wars that were for all purposes a continuation of the eastern conflicts after a brief reprieve.  These wars were fierce and frequent up until the 1890s and continued into the 20th century as the transcontinental railroad brought more non-Natives into tribal land in the west.

Over time, the United States forced a series of treaties and land cessions by the tribes, confiscating their land and diminishing their way of life as the United States government established “Indian reservations” and forced the Native people to move onto them in many of our western States. Government agents encouraged Native Americans to adopt the American way of life and forced them to take up farming and other such Americanized pursuits, but agricultural technology of the time was often inadequate for the arid reservation lands and the Native people were unable to grow and supply their own sustenance.  Most of the programs set up for the Native people by the United States government failed miserably and many live in poverty.

It wasn’t until 1924 that the Native Americans who weren’t already U.S. citizens were granted citizenship by Congress and given the same rights as other Americans.  Today Native Americans have a unique relationship with the United States in that they may be members of nations, tribes, or bands with sovereignty and treaty rights and still retain the same rights as any other American while building their own cultural infrastructure and wider recognition as a Native people in developing their own businesses, community schools, colleges and universities in which Native American culture and languages are being taught along with the conventional studies, as well as medical clinics and social and financial institutions and tribal museums and history and learning centers in hopes of preserving the  Native culture and heritage of this land since the early 1960’s and the struggle is still ongoing.

Much of what we read about the western expansion and the removal of the Native people from their lands and of the treaties and agreements made has been false and though in the last century historians and the government as a whole have tried to correct some of this the Native people are still portrayed as to trusting, to simple a people that were in the end powerless to defend themselves and simply became the victims of the changing times and were swept up in the tide of western expansion.  There is so much more to this story and the story continues for the Native peoples and their American counterpart as we learn and grow together.  We are all Americans. 

American culture, maybe this is just where Americans will succeed.  If each country produces what they are best at making, maybe America will be the entertainment producers.  Many foreign countries however are very fearful of this taking over of American culture.  They are afraid it will stamp out their own and citizens will forget what it means to be a Canadian, or a French.  Not only are there economic concerns and cultural concerns, but many are worried that American pop Culture does not display the values of that country.  For example, Americans are very individualistic and competitive, in certain Asian countries more emphasis is placed on the whole.  These conflicting views can create revolutions and riots among the young.  Which society is right is still to be determined (Levitt, 2012)    

            Another cultural aspect that is being globalized is beauty.  Before this huge trend of globalization each country had its own standard of beauty based on the norms of that culture.  For example, in china oval faces were considered beautiful, other countries healthy weights are seen as beautiful.  However the western, or American, view of beauty is spreading throughout the world.  Pop Culture is a vessel for beauty standards to be conveyed. Starting with Marilyn Monroe and Barbie, and continuing into today’s actresses and cosmetic ads.  The western ideals of tall, shapely, and blonde standard of beauty started to spread, and is extremely prevalent today.  World beauty pageants started in the 1950’s to also spread the western ideals of beauty. A dark skinned competitor did not win until 1966 in the Miss World competition; and in Miss Universe not until 1974.  Many women in Asia are now trying to conform to these beauty standards.  Even in our own country there are debates as to how the media is affecting our youth on beauty standards.  Many in our own country believe these media standards are unhealthy, yet we are spreading them to other countries (Jones, 1980).