Various international suspicions that political analysts blamed the United States of America they want, in fact, the invasion of Afghanistan and of natural learning (about the huge numbers traveling in small circles), are about to be confirmed. Some estimated that the underground riches beyond astronomical sum of $ 1 trillion. It is said that wars and money share the same smell. War in Afghanistan carry a dizzying aroma of over 1000 billion …

A simple press release

How many can say or how many may hide a simple press release? May especially when it is submitted with the official endorsement of the Pentagon and over the major news agencies in the world? The subject is highly sensitive and present: the war against terrorism, peacekeeping in Afghanistan , hunting the Taliban, destroy Al-Qaeda, the normalization of life in a country that has not known peace for more than 30 years and, last but not least, rush precious metals and natural gas, both at great prices today.

Back to press the case , it went almost unnoticed even in the international press. He left behind only comments acidic or resigned coming from analysts specializing in international politics, global economy and the distribution areas of influence. In November last year, sources inside the Pentagon declared anonymously that several US-Afghan geological expedition claimed that the results obtained to date indicate the presence of large mineral deposits in the deep heart of this country in Asia.

Is hidden it in one of the Afghan mountains in May greatest treasures of the world?

However, the rush for riches a poor country (!), Began much earlier. In January of 1984, Afghan director of Geology published a report indicating that the basement has a country wide variety of mineral resources, including iron, chromium, gold, silver, sulfur, talc, magnesium, marble and la pis lazuli. It was only a superficial estimate, not having Afghan geologists at the time of performance equipment with which to evaluate all the minerals in the basement or even the size of deposits in the cause . Information to the Afghan geologists had already reached the ears of Soviet, which from their establishment in Afghanistan , suspected hide this arid country and other treasures out of the huge natural gas deposits, which the Kremlin was aware since 1957, when Russian geologists investigating natural gas reserves near the river Amu Daria.

War against terrorism or for “security” underground riches? *

Afghan Government in that period was a puppet of the Soviet Union supported: therefore the authorities in Kabul preparing to develop and exploit the mineral resources extraction and processing technology Soviet Moscow with trained engineers. Obviously, the USSR wanted to keep the lion itself.Another treasure long sought after that yearned Soviet eyes, consists of uranium reserves Afghan acclaimed worldwide as material supplied first nuclear weapon whose development was at its peak to mid 80s. Plans over the Soviet-Afghan dust was laid, but after the defeat of the USSR by mujaheddin, which ends the shameful flight of Russia in 1989.

How to steal a trillion?

On June 13, 2010, the New York Post front page headline event of major importance for geo-political world. With a few days ago, researchers from the U.S. Geological Survey (supreme forum of American geology and mining), protected by U.S. Army soldiers and guided CIA, discovered mostly in Afghanistan prospecting. At a first estimate of geologists, Afghan deposits worth over $ 1 trillion. A trillion! That is a train of 25 wagons loaded from floor to roof eye with papers of one hundred dollars!

Currently, Afghanistan is faced with abject poverty

Washington glass greedy eyes and hands would gather with joy. In Moscow, hiding impassive eyes new strategies. In Tehran, concerns and fears were to new heights. In Beijing, strategy went into emergency session, while Brussels was fully mistress and her sisters surprise – outrage and frustration.

Only Afghan tribal chiefs had no idea what happens. Impassive and apparently absent, Afghans saw their own business and their ancient customs. Life of wealth as owners of land under their ancestors continue undisturbed. In fact, 99% of Afghan citizens have been no discovery today that can change lives. Definitely.

Kabul – a capital of corruption and poverty

Money results here could change the ground Afghanistan, if course is like that … which, according to most political analysts, is unlikely to ever happen. Even a quarter of the huge amount of money would be enough to build a modern 21st century infrastructure, providing foundations for sustainable local economy, with the development of effective education and health systems.

The Afghan government and the incumbent president, Hamid Karzai, were announced last discovery, a U.S. official in Afghanistan ironically commenting that there was less and the Afghan Government was news from CNN, instead of receiving information directly from the “friends” of Washington. In an end, Afghan and U.S. officials agreed to talk about new discoveries that change the total data geopolitical games.

Hamid Karzai, a powerless president

Despite exacerbation of armed conflicts fueled by Taliban offensive and despite supplementation with U.S. troops since last year announced by President Barrack Obama, U.S. troops launched the offensive on margin, in southern Afghanistan, headway, despite the overwhelming superiority of the technique American battle. Beats, allegations of corruption and favoritism continue to flow to the head Karzai government members. Given the situation, U.S. officials are forced to consider that new treasure is about to turn into a multi-edged weapon.

Instead hoped to bring more peace and prosperity, new natural wealth can determine the Taliban to engage with even more fury in battle with another reason to do everything possible to regain control of Afghanistan. Corruption, which was already on an upward trend among members of the Karzai government, is likely to be full of temptation fueled tremendous new wealth. With so much as a handful of oligarchs current local and tribal warrior chiefs rule over the lands that are already hiding fabulous riches.

War against terrorism headway. whole regions are still controlled by the Taliban

Story Treasure

As recently as last year, Afghan Minister of Mines was accused by U.S. officials that he accepted a bribe worth 30 million dollars from some Chinese businessmen who granted the right to exploit its copper mine. The minister was dismissed.

Endless battles between the army and Afghan tribal leaders continue unabated even the possibility of concluding a peace agreement in the short term. Afghanistan has a national mining law, prepared by World Bank advisors, with the observation that in a country like Afghanistan law is simply inapplicable in the present context.

Observation Deputy Undersecretary for Defense and Commerce and leader of the team that discovered deposits Pentagon, Paul A. Brinkley, is more than eloquence: “This country’s laws do not matter, no one can predict the reaction of people when a clash between Afghan government supported by new and tribal chiefs who control the provinces where we have made discoveries. Minister of Mines is not ready to handle the situation. It is our duty to help him in this regard “.

At this point, Afghans exploit their wealth in the most rudimentary way underground

In 2004, American geologists sent to Afghanistan as part of a reconstruction team, have discovered a strange series of maps deposit Afghan Geological Office in Kabul. At first assessment, the maps presented new data on mineral deposits of the country. American team learned later that the data were collected by Russian mining experts seconded here during the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan.

Hastily withdrawn in 1989, all maps and materials prepared by the Russians were abandoned. During the chaos of the ’90s, when Afghanistan has been crushed by endless civil war and Taliban regime iron, a small group of Afghan geologists managed to protect maps, hiding them in their homes.Geologists Afghans have returned Afghan Geological Office only after the U.S. invasion and overthrow the Taliban in 2001.

The geological map above you can see very clearly riches Afghan: desert marked with yellow and arid. The remaining colors are mineral resources that lie buried here

“Maps have been made long ago, places were known, but mining development was nonexistent in those 30-35 years of wars”, reinforces Hujabre Ahmad, an Afghan engineer who worked in the early ‘79 in the Ministry of Mines .

Armed with old maps Russian, U.S. Geological Survey began in 2006 a high number of bombing runs over Afghanistan. American specialists have used the latest equipment based on magnetic and gravity measurements. The equipment was attached to a plane P-3 Orion Navy guy who flew so over 70% of the country. Data were obtained in both the manufacturing Washington hopes, that, one year later, the team of geologists returned to study and sophisticated, this time aboard a British bomber aircraft equipped with instruments that offer three-dimensional images mineral deposits of small and deep. It was the most detailed and advanced study of Afghan basement ever.

Mining capital of the world

The results were – apparently – forgotten, that in November 2009, a Pentagon task force delegated the task to find the final data on wealth to set up emergency Afghan “theater of operations against terrorism”.

So far, according to Pentagon data, the largest natural deposits investigated contain major deposits of iron and copper. Deposits are so bulky that are theoretically Afghanistan that currently hold the largest reserves of copper and iron in the world. Other findings include large deposits of niobium, a metal easily, rarely used in obtaining superconducting properties of steels.

Afghanistan’s natural gas reserves contain about 150 billion cubic meters. Deposits of coal in this country totals, too, enormous figure of 400 million tons.

In 1983, Khwaja Rawash mountains north of Kabul, Soviet experts were in ecstasy: had identified one of the largest deposits of uranium in the world. In 2009, Americans basically tasted even greater rapture: it discovered that Afghanistan still had similar deposits of uranium in Koh Mir Daoud, near Herat and Kharkiz in Khandahar province.

Khwaja Rawash Mountains containing a huge uranium deposit is located in the vicinity of Kabul international airport.

Also, poor Asian country holds significant deposits of natural asbestos, gold, silver, nickel, zinc, mercury, bauxite, potash, graphite, tourmaline, emeralds, sapphires and rubies. But great wealth consists of deposits of subsoil Afghan its unparalleled purity iron. At a first estimate, iron deposits contain about 2 billion tons of mixtures of hematite and tycoons, blends containing 62% iron.

The largest copper deposit in Afghanistan, anywhere from 50 km north of the capital Kabul, in Aynak valley. Deposits contain over 300 million tons of copper ore with a purity of 0.7 to 1.5%.

No less than 80% of the world’s lapis lazuli, a semi-precious stones, are still untapped, hidden in the basement of Afghanistan. Before the 1979 Soviet invasion, Afghan miners extracted annually about 6,000 tons of lapis lazuli, a tiny amount compared to bulk deposits.

Lithium is a precious metal that is rare … less in Afghanistan

But perhaps the most coveted treasure in Afghanistan consists of huge deposits of lithium found the U.S. last autumn. Alone, only lithium reserves could remove Afghanistan from brutal poverty today and – theoretically – would make a country richer than all Eastern European countries entered the EU at the last wave of enlargement. Is the raw material for lithium batteries and some components of laptops, mobile phones and other devices, from pocket to shuttle cosmic!

Worldwide, demand for lithium is so great that Afghanistan could reach in the future “Saudi Arabia of lithium” as U.S. experts say the U.S. Geological Survey.

No gold deposits in Afghanistan are not modest. Rather, some experts estimate that you will move to exploit all gold deposits in Afghanistan, the global market for gold will drop by 50% in just the first month of operation.

With these new data before, it seems that American goals in Afghanistan are more “nuanced” and not targeting only terrorists, fanatics Nestle Muslims or Osama bin Laden.

Ok, what do the Chinese and Russians?

“Oh, Lord, is an absolutely huge potential here. Basically this country stands on the treasure,” exclaimed recently in an interview, Gen. David H. Petraeus, commander of U.S. forces in Afghanistan, and he stunned the grandeur of the data presented in the report geologists Americans. How poor Afghan economy consists, in fact, grazing and subsistence agriculture, gross domestic product here is among the lowest in the world. Based on the latest discoveries, some Afghan officials, tired of war, daydreaming rebuild the country.

Gen. David H. Petraeus, the man who knows what it is

“This time, will become the backbone of fresh Afghan economy. Will become the stone that we will rebuild the country,” said Jalil Jumriany excited, an adviser to the Afghan Minister of Mining. It is, however, unlikely that clear assumptions of Afghans will soon turn into reality.

United States of America have already been accused of imposing a monopoly on economic and financial feeble Afghan state. In addition, the two great rivals of Uncle Sam, Russia and China, not at all reconciled to the situation and already lurk on the horizon. Especially with how the world is not divided into clear spheres of influence, as was the Cold War era and the great powers struggle to establish new hierarchies. China and Russia is trying to take advantage of the crisis that still haunts an America led by Barack Obama a President (still) popular but – until now – poorly.

Hu Jintao, Chinese president, looks forward to Afghanistan

Despite massive investment in the region and the presence of U.S. troops, some U.S. officials fear China – the only country that has not felt the global economic crisis, even more than that: more than ever prospered in the last two years . The new economic colossus of the world cares not too much of sentiments and interests of Americans. Hunger is growing Chinese economy and the natural riches of Afghanistan and Iran, lying close to China, the only thing that can quench. And now, China does not have any reason to fear the U.S. Today, the U.S. has come to borrow in dollars to the Bank of China, and 90% of consumer goods from the U.S. market are manufactured in China. Grand Dragon of the Eastern influence is so great that even parts of the arms of U.S. Army came to be manufactured in China.

Beijing did not state much thought. Earlier this year, the Chinese have already bought from tribal chiefs, valuable copper mine in Aynak, Logar province. The situation is increasingly tense in. Beijing is nascent Washington to apply pressure of the most diverse.

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Russians pack (sic) , in 1989, when Soviet troops withdrew from Afghanistan after a grueling guerrilla war. Today, the duo from the Kremlin tries to regain influence in former Soviet Asia. Given that information about the underground riches of Afghanistan are true, it is the main contender for the title of tsar crown jewel in Moscow.

Neither Moscow is not limited to the role of observer. Former owner of the treasure still knows many secrets. Recent disturbances in Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Kirghistan, resulting in pro-American regimes fall, suggesting a discrete approach, but the insistence of Russia. In addition, unprecedented near Russia and China, with more clear can foreshadow a united Eurasia, not only stick to put American Project in Afghanistan.

Unfortunately, as we can today to prefigure the future, there is little hope that the Afghans, as owners of the treasure, to enjoy the heritage of their homeland basement.

For years when it comes to inventory, landlords have had always the upper edge in property damage disputes. This was because the right was with the property owner making him the jury, judge and executioner. This fact made tenants fell deceived by their landlords. So some changes where in order, that is why for some time now the system allows the tenants to be able to take to court their landlords if they feel that they where cheated. The downside of this common right is the small amount of reimbursement, or the lack of evidence to back up their claim. That is why the amateur approach in rental deals changed with the implementation of the property inventory. With a signed by both parties property inventory the landlord no longer has the full control, and the tenant has a solid back to defend himself from false claims. The inventory documents are important to both sides of the rental contract; they provide strong proof if the property assets have suffered structural damage during the period of tenancy. This way domestic damage disputes will end long before the court, with the help of arbitrary services. Since the introduction of the property inventory London in inventories disputes have dropped in number.

Here comes another question whether landlords should prepare those inventory documents by themselves using written record books, inventory software and even video footage. Although it is not the most complicated job in the world, to be sure that every angle is covered is better to use the assistance of firms specialized in property inventory services. But in case that landlords decide to create assets inventory list it is important that it is done well, and that they include all the necessary elements in the inventory. They are a lot of popular approaches on how to make the inventory list, the best method is to catalogue every item room by room. For the property itself the best approach is to describe the conditions of the flooring, walls, roofing, furnishings, windows, doors, appliances, wood works and etc.

The short answer to the main question of whether a central bank is a necessity is that it is not.  For the first hundred or so years of the United States there was not a central bank issuing a national currency.  Thousands of banks existed in the United States, and they operated largely on the trust of the local bank owners.  People would deposit their gold or silver at the bank and were issued a gold or silver certificate, which operated like money in the country.  If one were traveling from one town to another, the other town might not accept a certificate from a neighboring bank so the individual would often carry gold or silver coins, which were recognized nationally.  This gold or silver based system did not contribute to an expansion of commerce.  Banks would make loans, but were largely very conservative in order to keep the gold or silver at the bank for withdrawal.  On occasion there would be bank failures because borrowers would default due to crop failures or national disasters where borrowers could not pay the bank back, and the depositors wanted their deposits.   Without deposit insurance, there were frequent bank failures.  Accordingly, people did not keep all of their money in the local bank.   In short, there is not an absolute need for a central bank.

The benefits of central banking are the facility it provides for commerce.  Everyone is by law required to accept the banks notes — in the U.S. in the form of dollars — for transactions.  This makes it easy for anyone to engage in commerce with one uniform currency respected everywhere in the country.  This provides the foundation for credit cards, and other mechanisms of commerce built on a single accepted currency, like checks and ATM cards.  A second benefit is that the central bank deposit insurance encourages deposits and therefore encourages lending by banks.  The banks can take some risk and the depositors can take some risk because there is insurance for the deposits.

However, the central bank’s benefits are balanced against some obvious drawbacks.  The central bank is a political organization and is therefore sensitive to the needs of the federal government.  The central bank will print more money if needed to finance the deficits of the government.  This cheapens the currency and causes it to buy less than prior to the printing of more money.  This is especially acute in a global world where there is competition among currencies based on stability and independence from the central government.  Another drawback is that banks are centrally controlled, chartered, and managed so that the banking industy resembles any regulated industry: it is hard to enter, there is an oligopoly in major markets, and banks do not compete on price and service alone.  Finally, deposit insurance brings people to the hazard of making deposits but because they are insured, the depositors do not rely on the reputation of the bank.  Deposit insurance fosters some sloppiness among depositors, perhaps excessive risk-taking by the bank owners, and a cost shouldered by society to bail out failed banks.

It is not self-evident that modern industrial societies need a robust central bank.  There are costs and benefits. 

Often, it happens so that developing nations do not have enough money in order to develop themselves. The money they would require could be for any major developmental project in that country. These developing countries ask for international aid in order to facilitate the implementation of these projects.

Organizations such as the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) are organizations that mainly give aid. Its loans are given by developed and rich countries who deposit their money into these banks from time to time. This money is what goes as international aid.

There are advantages as well as disadvantages of getting international aid. International aid helps facilitate many developmental programs in developing countries. These could help in improving the country’s position in the world. International aid can contribute to fighting global poverty, hunger and help get access to medical care. It can also provide to solve problems like refugees, terrorism, rehabilitation and many other problems. International aid when given in the form of loans can earn interest. In these ways, it has been very advantageous for both the donor and the receiving countries as the receiving countries get improved credibility in their respective financial markets.

However, international aid can also be a bane. Donor countries with selfish interests will go and donate to countries especially the ones with bountiful natural resources and try to exploit them. They would provide funds to bring a particular country to get influenced and force them to serve military interests and other interests to the interest only of the donor nation.

Donor nations may do evil things like dump toxic wastes, dump e-wastes, harm their environment, destroy their local culture and many other things.

Receiving countries could also misuse international aid. Money coming to feed the hungry of the receiving nation could use the money to fund illegal activities and the strengthening of their armed forces when actually they are supposed to spend the money for more important issues like hunger and combating poverty.

There are numerous advantages as well as numerous disadvantages of international aid. International aid should be given mainly in loans of whose allocation should be carefully monitored. When given in the form of loans, the countries, will strive hard to repay the loan and in the meantime, they will prosper.

When international aid comes in, there is always a sign of progress. But international aid should be used very wisely and judiciously, only then can we eliminate poverty and hunger and other problems in the world.

The Great Depression (1929)

The Big Crash

After the extravagance of the Roaring Twenties, the American stock market was getting shaky amidst speculative fears. Between 1 September and 21 October, the market fell by 40 percent. On 24 October 1929, the stock market began to drop drastically. It was known as Black Thursday.  By July 1932, it was down by 90 per cent.

By 1933, a quarter of the American workforce was out of job. Widespread unemployment and misery followed. It caused the world to plunge into a global depression that lasted for more than a decade until World War II.

People could be seen everywhere on the streets on Black Thursday, 24 October 1929, as the stock market crashed. (Photo courtesy of Flickr)

Recovery

World War II was declared in 1941 and the preparations brought the economy back on track.

Importance

The Great Depression, which is the worst that the world has ever seen, is still being used as a benchmark for how far the economy can fall.

The Oil Shock (1973)

The Big Crash

It began when the world’s oil producers quadrupled oil prices. On 17 October, they announced that they would stop shipping oil to the United States, its allies in Western Europe and Japan. It was a move to retaliate against US for supporting Israel in the Yom Kippur War against Iraq, Syria and Egypt in 1973.

The surge in oil prices caused a jump in inflation which led to the first instance of stagflation (people were out of jobs but prices remained stubbornly high). It was the worst thing that could happen to an economy.

Recovery

Oil prices stabilised in the late 1970s, but rose to a new peak when war broke out in 1981 between Iran and Iraq. However, it declined gradually again after the war.

Importance

The Oil Shock is brought up as a warning to the economy each time oil prices shoot up to new records.

Black Monday (1987)

The Big Crash

A dark cloud loomed across the nation as the trade deficit continued to widen and there was a rash of investigations into insider trading. On 19 October 1987, jittery investors who were hit by confidence moved en masse out of stocks into safer bonds. Computers automatically cut their traders’ losses by issuing a large number of sell orders. This caused the system to lag, creating mass panic among investors. They reacted by dumping stocks in the darkness before they fell by more.

That day, the Dow Jones Industrial Average saw the biggest percentage drop in history by 22.6 per cent, wiping out US$500 billion in one day.

Panic selling swept through Wall Street as the Dow dropped by more than 500 points. (Photo courtesy of Flickr)

Recovery

Global markets restricted trading. Liquidity was pumped into the system. Recovery was fairly rapid and the Dow rebounded to its previous level within a year.

Importance

Though macro-economic factors played a part, this was the first instance of computer trading systems contributing to such a huge loss. Also, no one knows the exact cause despite the US stock market losing almost a quarter of its value in one day.

The Asian Financial Crisis (1997)

The Big Crash

The Thai government ended the baht’s peg to its US dollar due to the speculative attacks to its currency. As a result, it caused the baht to halve in value and the Thai economy to come to a halt.

Most of Asia was affected as currencies buckled, stock markets crashed and asset price fell. The Thai stock market fell by 74 per cent, followed by Hong Kong’s 23 per cent and South Korea’s 7 per cent in a single day. Asian economies went into recession, causing global growth to slow down.

Local residents rushed to buy bags of government discounted rice with the little money they had in Jakarta, Indonesia, which was one of the countries hardest hit by the Asian Financial Crisis. (Photo courtesy of Flickr)

Recovery

The road to recovery was slow and painful despite help from the International Monetary Fund. It suffered more economic shocks along the way. But the economies in the region got back on track when they were boosted by a global boom.

Importance

Asian governments have learnt their lessons from the financial crisis and built up hefty reserves. Thus, it helps them to be better insulted from the current downturn.

The Dot.com Bust and 9/11 (2001)

The Big Crash

With the rise of internet in 1995, a completely new online market was created. Companies and investors greedily invested into it but their dreams were dissolved as newly listed start-ups folded quickly for having spent and borrowed more than what they could earn in time.

The US Nasdaq lost nearly 9 per cent within a week in March 2000. Furthermore, the terrorist attacks on 11 September 2001 caused The Dow to suffer its worst losses which weakened the economy even further.

Recovery

Western countries such as the United States and the European Union were worst hit. They went into recession. However, the market rebounded in 2003.

Importance

The crisis is the most recent example of what happens when a healthy stock market abruptly crashes when it is being pushed up by speculative activity.

SARS and Iraq War (2003)

The Big Crash

The world was badly hit by the Sars epidemic and the Iraq war. Asian economies were forced back into slower growth and recession fears, just when they were starting to recover from the financial crisis of the 1990s.

Recovery

After Sars was contained, many economies including Singapore and China embarked on an economic expansion which was fuelled by the long-delayed property booms, as well as growing demand in exports.

Importance

People remember the downturn as it is still fresh in their minds. Much has been experienced and learnt during the Sars period. As such, countries will be more prepared to combat future epidemics.

The Current Global Economic Crisis (2008)

The Big Crash

The US sub-prime mortgages became worthless when home owners defaulted on their loans. This caused the housing and property market to collapse, which wiped out Wall Street’s revered investment banks. It pulled down companies, stock markets and economies around the world along with it.

On 29 September, the Dow posted its biggest loss in history by falling 777.68 points. As a result, more than US$1 trillion was lost in a single day in the US.

The powerful Group of Seven finance chiefs discussed ways to fight the global economic crisis and to restore confidence in the financial system. (Photo courtesy of Reuters)

Recovery

Countries around the world have come up with drastic measures to counter the financial crisis but recovery is nowhere in sight yet.

Importance

According to experts, this is the closest the world has come in rivalling the Great Depression. With the complex financial system still unwinding by the day, the crisis is nowhere near over. Countries have to stay united to combat it together.

The world has come a long way and has learnt its lessons from past stock market crashes of the century. I am confident it will pull through the current financial meltdown. Let us pray the crisis will end soon. Let us remain as optimistic as we possibly can. Let us stay united together!