With the fall of Communism, the transition from Communist based economic systems to market based economics was supposed to bring new prosperity to the world. It didn’t. In fact, for most of the twentieth century, the major geo-political goal of America was to defeat communism. Yet, when the goal was finally achieved, this new world prosperity didn’t happen. Instead, the world developed into competing capitalistic models.

            On the one hand is the free-market ideology sometimes called “market fundamentalism” where the belief that markets by themselves lead to economic efficiency and should remain unfettered. “Market fundamentalism” ideology points to Adam Smith’s “invisible hand” – the notion that markets and the pursuit of self-interest leads, as if by an invisible hand, to economic efficiency and even if capitalism misallocates income, that issues of efficiency and equity should be separated. Market fundamentalists view economics as a matter of efficiency and state issues of equity should be left to politics. On the other end of the continuum are the managed market economies such as that adopted by China. In between the ends of this economic continuum are other forms of effective market economies such as Sweden  where robust growth, health-care, and education have been achieved. All are ranked higher than in the United States.

            The world now recognizes that with the financial scandals of the nineties in the United States, and the pursuit of self-interest by multi-national CEO’s, accountants, and investment banks, a financial bubble and the great recession with a massive misallocation of investment resulted and not the economic efficiency that was guaranteed since World War II. The financial crisis and the “Great Recession” have resulted in the rejection of “Finance and Capitalism American Style” [i] and the realization that without appropriate government regulation and intervention, markets do not lead to economic efficiency. Among the central choices of the world’s market economies is the role that government must play. The question is not that “government is the problem and not the solution” as Reagan famously said; but instead, what services should the government provide. The fact is – “market fundamentalism” has been discredited and that there is not just one “right” way to run a market economy and that Sweden’s and other models of capitalism present alternate forms of effective market economies.

            The world has always had to deal with problems with capitalism. Problems with capitalism such as the mis-allocation of wealth and the misalignment of social needs with the needs of capitalism are much more visible now because the ideological battles between Communism and Capitalism no longer exist.   Meanwhile globalization has resulted. Economic globalization has resulted in closer economic integration of the countries of the world through the increased flow of goods and services, capital, and labor, and has resulted in the adoption of capitalism by the world. Capitalism in the form of market economies are now the only game in the world, but capitalism’s problems such as the inability to equitably allocate wealth, the misalignment with societies needs, and the consequences of imperfect and limited information, [ii]  – problems capitalism has always had – along with imperfect regulation has resulted in a rebalancing of economic power in the world and as a by -product, the loss of economic power by the United States and an increase in economic power by the so-called BRIC [iii]  countries and the Pacific Rim.

            Even in the most successful years of the West, during the Industrial Revolution or the economic boom in the United States that followed World War II, GDP growth seldom exceeded three percent. In comparison, China’s average GDP growth over the past thirty years has been over nine percent – three times the growth rate of the best rate of growth in the United States. 

            The major economic issue for the United States in the Twenty-First Century is how to maintain its economic power – and ultimately it’s military power – in a global economy. In other words – how will the United States deal with globalization? The United States now finds itself in the same position Britain was in at the end of the Nineteenth Century. History is repeating itself.

[i]  A term used by Joseph E, Stiglitz. in “Making Globalization Work”, W.W. Norton & Company, New York, 2006. preface.

[ii]  See Joseph E. Stiglitz, “Globalization And It’s Discontents,” W.W. Norton & Company, New York, 2003.

[iii]  A term derived from the first letters of the names for the countries Brazil, Russia, India, and China.

In considering a world in which there is no currency, and depository institutions only issue transaction deposits and desire to hold no excess reserves, I think it’s best to define each of these terms.

First of all, currency is basically is a generally accepted medium of exchange.  It is also important to know what transaction deposits are in this case.  Transaction deposits according to the textbook are checkable and debitable account balances in commercial banks and other types of financial institutions. 

Next, those depository institutions as defined in the text are financial institutions that accept deposits from savers and lend funds from those deposits out of interest.

Excess reserves are the difference between actual reserves and required reserves.  Required reserves are the values of reserves that a depository institution must hold in the form of vault cash or deposits with the Fed (aka the minimum amount).  Actual reserves are all the deposits held by Federal Reserve district banks for depository institutions.

The discussion question also mentions the required reserve ratio is 20 percent.  What is the required reserve ratio?  It is the percentage of total transactions deposits that the fed requires depository institutions to hold in the form of vault cash and/or deposits with the Fed, according to the textbook. 

In this world where depository institutions only issue transaction deposits, that is known as a liability, which are amounts that are owed.  This helps later on when looking at balance sheets. 

Back to required reserves, there is a formula to calculate their amount.  Required reserves equals transaction deposits times the required reserve ratio.  In this case, since the central bank sells $1 billion in government securities, that is equal to the transaction deposits.  The formula would look like: required reserve ratio = $1 billion times 20 percent, which would be $20 billion. 

Finally, what would happen to the money supply in such a scenario?  I believe in time that the money supply would run out and financial business would shut down.  If there was no currency (or perhaps people used the same form of money worldwide), it would be harder to maintain a supply of money, and if the depository institutions didn’t hold excess reserves there would be no safety net to fall back on, and those institutions wouldn’t be able to run any longer.

Components in the US Money supply based on Federal Reserve historical data (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

                Money is a medium of exchange for goods/services as well as storage for value.  Before the introduction of money, most people relied on trading.  People traded goods and services because they wanted to increase their standard of living by having more goods and services to use. The introduction of money was very beneficial to society because it eliminates the need for trading and makes the process of exchanging goods much more efficient. Money is accepted as a form of exchange by all because everyone understands and trusts that the money they receive can be used elsewhere and is accepted by someone else offering goods and services. People may not necessary want to trade because not all goods are in extreme demand, but money is always accepted by others because money can buy any goods/services offered in the economy. Each dollar bill issued by the government is usually legally tendered, meaning that the government is promising the people that the money issued by the government is of value and can be exchanged for goods.

                Inflation is a term used to describe a situation in which the cost of living within an economy increases. Some causes of inflation could be a decrease in supply of resources or the increase in the supply of money. As the government prints more currency and spends it in the economy, the value of the dollar decreases because the amount of resources available in an economy remains relatively the same.  When exchange rate of a currency is low, other countries will buy goods from that country because, goods cost less to buy. As  a result, inflation can arise because there is an external demand for goods

                Whenever the term “economics” is mentioned in discussions and on the television, most people visualize things such as money, banks or even stocks. Although these objects do related to the topic of economics, it is not the complete picture. Essentially, economics is the study of the consumption, production and distribution of resources within a system known as an economy.  Money and banks are factors affecting the price of resources produced, but should not really affect the amount of goods produced and consumed in the long run. The term resource does not only reflect only upon materialistic goods such as gold, oil and copper, but it could also be refers to something known as human capital. Human capital is the idea that the skills in which each worker possesses is considered to be a form of capital/resource. Therefore, it is important to not be mistaken by the term “resources” by only associating it with materialistic goods. After explaining a few basic concepts of what economics is, the main topic of this article is determining the difference between macroeconomics and microeconomics. Although the two terms sound very similar, the difference between the two is quite large.

                The term microeconomics typically refer to the ideas and concepts that analyze the economy making the assumption that the economy is only restricted within the confines of a nation. A circular flow diagram is a perfect example in depicting some key concepts of microeconomics. In a circular flow diagram, it shows an outer circle and an inner circle. The outer circle is the total  production and consumption of an economy,  which shows how the firms uses the worker’s labour as resources to produce goods and services  The people producing the goods must also be the one’s consuming it. Therefore, there Is a feedback loop. The inner circle is used to show the total expenditures in an economy. The inner circle shows how the money flows in the economy. The firms pay wages for workers and the workers’ pay the firm for their goods. The company takes part of the money as profit and the rest are reinvested back into the company to pay future wages or increase company capacity.

                Supply and demand are the most basic and essential concept mentioned in both micro and macro. The idea of supply and demand always exist within the economy because there will always be sellers and buyers in the market.  Supply is the amount of goods and services that someone is willing to sell at a specific price. Demand is the amount of goods and services that someone is willing to buy at a specific price. The intersection of these two functions is called the equilibrium point. There are many factors that could cause these lines to shift and move up and down the curve.  These factors include natural disasters, availability of a cheaper substitute good and taxes incentives from the government.

                The term macroeconomics refer to the idea of viewing the world as a single economy and examining how each country influence each other through trade. Some of the topics mentioned in macroeconomics are GDP, GNP, inflation rate, exchange rate, supply of money and world prices of goods and services.  GDP (Gross Domestic Product) accounts for all the total goods and services produced in a country. GNP (Gross National Product) accounts for all the total goods and services produced by people with a specific nationality of that country. The difference is that GDP calculates all produced goods in Canada regardless of a person’s nationality. On the other hand, GNP accounts for all the good produced by  a Canadian and not necessarily all the goods which are produced in Canada. It is possible that someone is Canadian and is producing goods in a foreign country (foreign direct investment).

                The exchange rate and inflation rate are both in relation with the supply of money in a system. As more money is printed out, the exchange rate will decrease because the value of each dollar decreases. Since the value of money is diminishing, it will require larger sums of money to buy the same amount of goods and therefore inflation exists.

                Overall, these are only some concepts than a give someone a little taste of microeconomics and macroeconomics and is not a true representation all the topics in this field. The topics I have covered here is only about a chapter or so and therefore should not be used as review material.

In fact, just to run in the primaries, he or she should be a graduate of this school.

Do you know what our problem is? We keep electing fools who have no idea what the job requires. Or what it takes to get, and keep our economy on sound footing, or how to deal with dangerous international situations (like Iran and North Korea). Now, does it make sense to require doctors, lawyers, structural engineers, airline pilots, among others, to get an education, … but not the President?

We need a system whereby the Republican party, the Democratic party, and the Independent party are all required to choose promising party members, and school them on the different scenarios and what they should do when they arise. Now this is not guaranteed to produce a qualified candidate, but is what we have now any better? Where a young congressman, senator, governor with a head full of ideas, a lot of charisma, and such questionable skills at teleprompter reading can run and become president?  And with a voting public that for the most part, doesn’t know who we fought during the revolutionary war, the vice President’s name, or that the Constitution is the supreme law of the land. It’s a recipe for disaster.

So I think that this is something that should get serious attention. That a president ought to know what to do about a failing economy because brother, what’s being tried now (by someone who has no clue of how the economy works, but thinks he does) just isn’t working. I’m sure that Obama is a really cool guy, a real charmer, and good with people, but on the economy? He’s sorely lacking.

You see, if he had gone to this school, he would already know what’s been tried before, and what has worked before, and of course, what has failed time and time again. And he would then be more prepared to avoid policies that don’t work. But you know what I would like to also see happen? I would like to see a grading system whereby the President would get a grade three years into his or her first term. Then a report would go out to the voting public so that if they re-elect the fool, then they deserve what they got. Hopefully, the voters would heed the report and kick the fool out. Of course, the President’s own party should be able to hold another primary. Just because someone is in their first term doesn’t mean that they get to run again. They have to earn that right.

I’m just tired of the bickering that goes on between the parties about who is more qualified to be President, the back and forth accusations, and the character assassinations. The guy in office now is certainly no bargain, but that’s not to say that Republicans are any better. Because I really believe that any party can put forth, for our consideration, a person that truly deserves their shot at the office, that they can do a good job, and it really shouldn’t matter what party they’re from.

All I want is someone that’ll do a good job.

Some only make a few bucks a month and lean towards giving up and others have found genuine practice to rack in some cash. The objective is not to give up but to do some research about your goals. Everyone needs money to pay bills, pay for gas or pay school fees for their kids. With the dreadful economy people are willing to try online and offline gigs. It can be a drag at times when you have to continually put in so much ever and the results are minimum. It doesn’t mean to give up hope but you may want to take a break and regroup.

Of Sometimes course working online isn’t easy and some put in as much effort as someone who works a 9-5 job. You may have to take a break and come check back in here and there. Sometimes you’ll get discouraged and think that you are failing but that is further from the case. You just have to ask for assistance and read more about the subject.

Picture courtesy of businesstm.com

Awadhesh Kishore and Rakhi Sharma*

Sarvoday Mahavidyalaya, Chaumuhan-281406, Mathura (INDIA)

*Institute for Development of Technology for Rural Advancement, Mathura-281004 (INDIA)

Summary:

Unemployment of youth may be a Problem but Population, being a human-resource, may not. Proposed model like Cottage-industry, every unproductive youth is compelled to establish a production system. Government will provide raw material, technical and financial support and purchase finished products and market inland or abroad like China and Japan. Model is long term continuous GDP gainer at a huge.

Keywords:

China, Cottage-industry, Economics, Financial support, Finished products, GDP, How to Human-resource, Model, Nation, Population, Raw material, Technical support, Unemployment, Unproductive youth.

The population was never be problem nor will be, but is a human resource of a nation. Real problem to break development of a country is unemployment of youth. A model is proposed to overcome the problem. Kutir Udhyog was almost similar model but could not meet out expected results as the same was cooperative societies. A policy can be laid out to force each and every unproductive youth to establish a system of production. The government to provide him raw material on subsidized or reasonably low cost, technical assistance and financial support to the youth in establishing set up and to purchase the finished product from same venue and market it inland or in abroad like China and Japan. It is a long term model to gain continuous GDP of the country at a huge.

Population is not a problem:

When we discuss regarding burning problems and issues of a country, it is told that population is one of the most burning issues before the nation. But the statement cannot be recognized as an intelligent comment. The population was never be problem nor will be. It is the base of development of a nation. Many countries which have low dense population are not developed and the same that have dense population with better management are being counted as developed countries today. Many countries are there in the world, that are full of natural resources are not counted as developed countries and the few others having high population, are not undeveloped countries.

Population is a human resource of a nation:

The population is the human resource which is most demanding resource of a nation for its development. There is not a machine or any other type of resource anywhere that can replace the resource. A country cannot be supposed to develop if it is lacking human resource. It can be suggest that the population of a country is not population but unemployment of population.

Real problem is unemployment of youth:

It is said that high density of population creates a problem of unemployed youth. Once again, The comment is not agreed, If a country has no sufficient number of administrator, teachers, research workers, doctors, engineers, lawyers, judges, officers, technicians, clerks, peons, police forces and military forces etc., the same country has no right to complain unemployment of youth. If most of the population is on the road in searching of employment and the departments are in need of unfilled positions to be filled, the comment that high density of population creates a problem of unemployed youth is nothing other than a wrong explanation and interpretation of a situation (not a problem). If it is analyzed, what the problem is? The problem is not a population but unemployment of youth. Without employment the population is unproductive and looked like a pest on the country.

Proposed model to overcome the problem:

Making unproductive youth a productive one is a primary requirement of a developing country. An action plan can be suggest to such countries. The government should take hard action plan to make each every youth productive. A policy can be laid out to force each and every unproductive youth to establish a system of production (in other words earning) from a product of his choice. If he is provided an option to choose an item to produce as per his choice, quantity and quality of finished product will possibly be higher. In case the youth has no technical capacities or financial resources to establish his set up, he may be supported by the government. It should be binding upon the government to provide him raw material on subsidized or reasonably low cost, technical assistance and financial support to the youth in establishing set up. A subsidy should be provided on financial support whereas, but technical assistance should always be available free of cost to the youth. The government has also to take responsibilities to make raw material available at the door of the establishment and to purchase finish product from the same venue. Thus productive hours will be enhanced, and the youth will concentrate on quality and quantity of the finished product.

Scope of the model:

This is a proposed model for increasing productivity of unproductive youth of the nation. They will be directly associated with the GDP of the nation. The model is not impossible to implement. Almost similar model of employment named cottage industry was proposed at the time of freedom movement in India. The best results of cottage industry could not be met out due to the reason that the model was based on cooperative societies. These societies were responsible to manage raw material, financial and technical support and marketing of finished product. In that model, policies and managing skills in various societies were varied and block the way of success on overall growth basis.

Almost similar model is being implemented in various countries at present. They are providing facilities at the door of the established set up and purchase the finished product from the same venue. The government will acquire interest on loans, taxes (at low rate but in huge amount because of high production) on production and duties on export (at low rate but in huge amount because of high production). Low rate of taxes and duties, the cost of finished product will remain under control.

As the quality of the finished product is not certified, the government can sale out the finished products inland or abroad on low costs without giving any guarantee or warrantee. By operating a model like this, a country having highest population has no problem because of high population.

It is a long term model to gain continuous GDP of the country at a huge.

Tourism may be a buzz word within the economies of each developed and developing nations. It chips in to the expansion and development of the native lands where it’s being practiced. Its vitality is observed from the stastical knowledge of 2011: Direct contribution to GDP and employment generation was US $2 trillion and ninety eight million respectively across the planet. whereas talking concerning the indirect contribution within the same year it accounted for US $6.3 trillion GDP and 255 million jobs globally. This depicts the festering importance of tourism for any nation however the very fact is that a lot of components of the planet are still ignorant concerning the multifariousness of the sphere of tourism and that they take into account it solely as a leisure activity. truly Tourism is like an umbrella that encompasses the subsequent flourishing fields:

Discipline: Tourism may be a vast field of study that encapsulates the ideas of anthropology, sociology, history, psychology, archaeology, ethnography, geography , accounting, economics, marketing, leisure, management and varied alternative disciplines. it’s the systematic study of the strategies employed in tourism trade. It teaches a way to upset folks , their psyche and alternative necessary events going down within the domain of tourism. It keeps folks updated relating to the newest trends going down within the travel and tourism and provides them with the knack to upset cross cultural issues reducing the planet into one international village. It enhances our data relating to the prevailing and virgin tourist destinations. This know-how will equip the analysis students to come back up with novel topics, notions, ideas and explore them with the tools of this discipline which might ultimately cause new studies and raise the prevailing literature essential for thriving the tourism trade.Many personal and public tourism organizations have created a replacement job position for tourism analysis students where dextrous and competent researchers will build their mark and add colors to travel. Rural tourism in Italy

Entrepreneurship: Tourism trade is that the solely trade that includes a shoe for each foot. it’s immense scope for those that believe in ‘ Being your own boss’(YOB) approach. it’s commonly observed that those that are inventive, innovative, accountable and have the flexibility to influence others have an inherent dislike to figure below or for others. however attributable to lack of resources they’re guaranteed to work for the success of people. Tourism is that the field that one will decide on san entrepreneurial career with full investment of his caliber and fewer financial inputs. It permits one to figure and build profits even with virtual offices. Initially, the sole machine that a contemporary day tour entrepreneur needs may be a pc and an area of few feets. therefore so as to be an efficient entrepreneur in tourism one wants the competency to sense the chance and exploit it with the correct angle.

JOB: Tourism additionally provides the duty ‘Just obey your boss’ possibility for those that like a straightforward life, have poor risk taking capability, lack initiative and like to be directed. within the gift era, several national and multinational corporations like KUONI, SITA, TUI, COX & KINGS, SOTC etc are dealing in tourism and that they have vast job opportunities for the tour professionals. Most of the duty vacancies are solicited and may be simply noticed working portals. Handsome salaries , job security and smart prospects of growth are being offered as per the flexibility of the people. 

FOREIGN EARNING: Tourism has the potential to earn huge foreign currency and raise the strength of our economy. In 2011 ,India witnessed 6290319 foreign tourist arrivals and earned 77591 crores of foreign exchange that is self-convincing relating to the richness of tourism.

Thus, we will conclude that tourism may be a multi -dimensional and a multi- sectoral activity which might go an extended means in eradicating unemployment and earning huge profits. For this the requirement is to comprehend the importance of tourism and introduce it as a discipline and a field of study each at {the school|the varsity|the faculty} and college level. varied diploma and degree courses will prove handy in spreading the attention relating to the blossoming avenues of the tourism.

    Various international suspicions that political analysts blamed the United States of America they want, in fact, the invasion of Afghanistan and of natural learning (about the huge numbers traveling in small circles), are about to be confirmed. Some estimated that the underground riches beyond astronomical sum of $ 1 trillion. It is said that wars and money share the same smell. War in Afghanistan carry a dizzying aroma of over 1000 billion …

A simple press release

How many can say or how many may hide a simple press release? May especially when it is submitted with the official endorsement of the Pentagon and over the major news agencies in the world? The subject is highly sensitive and present: the war against terrorism, peacekeeping in Afghanistan , hunting the Taliban, destroy Al-Qaeda, the normalization of life in a country that has not known peace for more than 30 years and, last but not least, rush precious metals and natural gas, both at great prices today.

Back to press the case , it went almost unnoticed even in the international press. He left behind only comments acidic or resigned coming from analysts specializing in international politics, global economy and the distribution areas of influence. In November last year, sources inside the Pentagon declared anonymously that several US-Afghan geological expedition claimed that the results obtained to date indicate the presence of large mineral deposits in the deep heart of this country in Asia.

Is hidden it in one of the Afghan mountains in May greatest treasures of the world?

However, the rush for riches a poor country (!), Began much earlier. In January of 1984, Afghan director of Geology published a report indicating that the basement has a country wide variety of mineral resources, including iron, chromium, gold, silver, sulfur, talc, magnesium, marble and la pis lazuli. It was only a superficial estimate, not having Afghan geologists at the time of performance equipment with which to evaluate all the minerals in the basement or even the size of deposits in the cause . Information to the Afghan geologists had already reached the ears of Soviet, which from their establishment in Afghanistan , suspected hide this arid country and other treasures out of the huge natural gas deposits, which the Kremlin was aware since 1957, when Russian geologists investigating natural gas reserves near the river Amu Daria.

War against terrorism or for “security” underground riches? *

Afghan Government in that period was a puppet of the Soviet Union supported: therefore the authorities in Kabul preparing to develop and exploit the mineral resources extraction and processing technology Soviet Moscow with trained engineers. Obviously, the USSR wanted to keep the lion itself.Another treasure long sought after that yearned Soviet eyes, consists of uranium reserves Afghan acclaimed worldwide as material supplied first nuclear weapon whose development was at its peak to mid 80s. Plans over the Soviet-Afghan dust was laid, but after the defeat of the USSR by mujaheddin, which ends the shameful flight of Russia in 1989.

How to steal a trillion?

On June 13, 2010, the New York Post front page headline event of major importance for geo-political world. With a few days ago, researchers from the U.S. Geological Survey (supreme forum of American geology and mining), protected by U.S. Army soldiers and guided CIA, discovered mostly in Afghanistan prospecting. At a first estimate of geologists, Afghan deposits worth over $ 1 trillion. A trillion! That is a train of 25 wagons loaded from floor to roof eye with papers of one hundred dollars!

Currently, Afghanistan is faced with abject poverty

Washington glass greedy eyes and hands would gather with joy. In Moscow, hiding impassive eyes new strategies. In Tehran, concerns and fears were to new heights. In Beijing, strategy went into emergency session, while Brussels was fully mistress and her sisters surprise – outrage and frustration.

Only Afghan tribal chiefs had no idea what happens. Impassive and apparently absent, Afghans saw their own business and their ancient customs. Life of wealth as owners of land under their ancestors continue undisturbed. In fact, 99% of Afghan citizens have been no discovery today that can change lives. Definitely.

Kabul – a capital of corruption and poverty

Money results here could change the ground Afghanistan, if course is like that … which, according to most political analysts, is unlikely to ever happen. Even a quarter of the huge amount of money would be enough to build a modern 21st century infrastructure, providing foundations for sustainable local economy, with the development of effective education and health systems.

The Afghan government and the incumbent president, Hamid Karzai, were announced last discovery, a U.S. official in Afghanistan ironically commenting that there was less and the Afghan Government was news from CNN, instead of receiving information directly from the “friends” of Washington. In an end, Afghan and U.S. officials agreed to talk about new discoveries that change the total data geopolitical games.

Hamid Karzai, a powerless president

Despite exacerbation of armed conflicts fueled by Taliban offensive and despite supplementation with U.S. troops since last year announced by President Barrack Obama, U.S. troops launched the offensive on margin, in southern Afghanistan, headway, despite the overwhelming superiority of the technique American battle. Beats, allegations of corruption and favoritism continue to flow to the head Karzai government members. Given the situation, U.S. officials are forced to consider that new treasure is about to turn into a multi-edged weapon.

Instead hoped to bring more peace and prosperity, new natural wealth can determine the Taliban to engage with even more fury in battle with another reason to do everything possible to regain control of Afghanistan. Corruption, which was already on an upward trend among members of the Karzai government, is likely to be full of temptation fueled tremendous new wealth. With so much as a handful of oligarchs current local and tribal warrior chiefs rule over the lands that are already hiding fabulous riches.

War against terrorism headway. whole regions are still controlled by the Taliban

Story Treasure

As recently as last year, Afghan Minister of Mines was accused by U.S. officials that he accepted a bribe worth 30 million dollars from some Chinese businessmen who granted the right to exploit its copper mine. The minister was dismissed.

Endless battles between the army and Afghan tribal leaders continue unabated even the possibility of concluding a peace agreement in the short term. Afghanistan has a national mining law, prepared by World Bank advisors, with the observation that in a country like Afghanistan law is simply inapplicable in the present context.

Observation Deputy Undersecretary for Defense and Commerce and leader of the team that discovered deposits Pentagon, Paul A. Brinkley, is more than eloquence: “This country’s laws do not matter, no one can predict the reaction of people when a clash between Afghan government supported by new and tribal chiefs who control the provinces where we have made discoveries. Minister of Mines is not ready to handle the situation. It is our duty to help him in this regard “.

At this point, Afghans exploit their wealth in the most rudimentary way underground

In 2004, American geologists sent to Afghanistan as part of a reconstruction team, have discovered a strange series of maps deposit Afghan Geological Office in Kabul. At first assessment, the maps presented new data on mineral deposits of the country. American team learned later that the data were collected by Russian mining experts seconded here during the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan.

Hastily withdrawn in 1989, all maps and materials prepared by the Russians were abandoned. During the chaos of the ’90s, when Afghanistan has been crushed by endless civil war and Taliban regime iron, a small group of Afghan geologists managed to protect maps, hiding them in their homes.Geologists Afghans have returned Afghan Geological Office only after the U.S. invasion and overthrow the Taliban in 2001.

The geological map above you can see very clearly riches Afghan: desert marked with yellow and arid. The remaining colors are mineral resources that lie buried here

“Maps have been made long ago, places were known, but mining development was nonexistent in those 30-35 years of wars”, reinforces Hujabre Ahmad, an Afghan engineer who worked in the early ‘79 in the Ministry of Mines .

Armed with old maps Russian, U.S. Geological Survey began in 2006 a high number of bombing runs over Afghanistan. American specialists have used the latest equipment based on magnetic and gravity measurements. The equipment was attached to a plane P-3 Orion Navy guy who flew so over 70% of the country. Data were obtained in both the manufacturing Washington hopes, that, one year later, the team of geologists returned to study and sophisticated, this time aboard a British bomber aircraft equipped with instruments that offer three-dimensional images mineral deposits of small and deep. It was the most detailed and advanced study of Afghan basement ever.

Mining capital of the world

The results were – apparently – forgotten, that in November 2009, a Pentagon task force delegated the task to find the final data on wealth to set up emergency Afghan “theater of operations against terrorism”.

So far, according to Pentagon data, the largest natural deposits investigated contain major deposits of iron and copper. Deposits are so bulky that are theoretically Afghanistan that currently hold the largest reserves of copper and iron in the world. Other findings include large deposits of niobium, a metal easily, rarely used in obtaining superconducting properties of steels.

Afghanistan’s natural gas reserves contain about 150 billion cubic meters. Deposits of coal in this country totals, too, enormous figure of 400 million tons.

In 1983, Khwaja Rawash mountains north of Kabul, Soviet experts were in ecstasy: had identified one of the largest deposits of uranium in the world. In 2009, Americans basically tasted even greater rapture: it discovered that Afghanistan still had similar deposits of uranium in Koh Mir Daoud, near Herat and Kharkiz in Khandahar province.

Khwaja Rawash Mountains containing a huge uranium deposit is located in the vicinity of Kabul international airport.

Also, poor Asian country holds significant deposits of natural asbestos, gold, silver, nickel, zinc, mercury, bauxite, potash, graphite, tourmaline, emeralds, sapphires and rubies. But great wealth consists of deposits of subsoil Afghan its unparalleled purity iron. At a first estimate, iron deposits contain about 2 billion tons of mixtures of hematite and tycoons, blends containing 62% iron.

The largest copper deposit in Afghanistan, anywhere from 50 km north of the capital Kabul, in Aynak valley. Deposits contain over 300 million tons of copper ore with a purity of 0.7 to 1.5%.

No less than 80% of the world’s lapis lazuli, a semi-precious stones, are still untapped, hidden in the basement of Afghanistan. Before the 1979 Soviet invasion, Afghan miners extracted annually about 6,000 tons of lapis lazuli, a tiny amount compared to bulk deposits.

Lithium is a precious metal that is rare … less in Afghanistan

But perhaps the most coveted treasure in Afghanistan consists of huge deposits of lithium found the U.S. last autumn. Alone, only lithium reserves could remove Afghanistan from brutal poverty today and – theoretically – would make a country richer than all Eastern European countries entered the EU at the last wave of enlargement. Is the raw material for lithium batteries and some components of laptops, mobile phones and other devices, from pocket to shuttle cosmic!

Worldwide, demand for lithium is so great that Afghanistan could reach in the future “Saudi Arabia of lithium” as U.S. experts say the U.S. Geological Survey.

No gold deposits in Afghanistan are not modest. Rather, some experts estimate that you will move to exploit all gold deposits in Afghanistan, the global market for gold will drop by 50% in just the first month of operation.

With these new data before, it seems that American goals in Afghanistan are more “nuanced” and not targeting only terrorists, fanatics Nestle Muslims or Osama bin Laden.

Ok, what do the Chinese and Russians?

“Oh, Lord, is an absolutely huge potential here. Basically this country stands on the treasure,” exclaimed recently in an interview, Gen. David H. Petraeus, commander of U.S. forces in Afghanistan, and he stunned the grandeur of the data presented in the report geologists Americans. How poor Afghan economy consists, in fact, grazing and subsistence agriculture, gross domestic product here is among the lowest in the world. Based on the latest discoveries, some Afghan officials, tired of war, daydreaming rebuild the country.

Gen. David H. Petraeus, the man who knows what it is

“This time, will become the backbone of fresh Afghan economy. Will become the stone that we will rebuild the country,” said Jalil Jumriany excited, an adviser to the Afghan Minister of Mining. It is, however, unlikely that clear assumptions of Afghans will soon turn into reality.

United States of America have already been accused of imposing a monopoly on economic and financial feeble Afghan state. In addition, the two great rivals of Uncle Sam, Russia and China, not at all reconciled to the situation and already lurk on the horizon. Especially with how the world is not divided into clear spheres of influence, as was the Cold War era and the great powers struggle to establish new hierarchies. China and Russia is trying to take advantage of the crisis that still haunts an America led by Barack Obama a President (still) popular but – until now – poorly.

Hu Jintao, Chinese president, looks forward to Afghanistan

Despite massive investment in the region and the presence of U.S. troops, some U.S. officials fear China – the only country that has not felt the global economic crisis, even more than that: more than ever prospered in the last two years . The new economic colossus of the world cares not too much of sentiments and interests of Americans. Hunger is growing Chinese economy and the natural riches of Afghanistan and Iran, lying close to China, the only thing that can quench. And now, China does not have any reason to fear the U.S. Today, the U.S. has come to borrow in dollars to the Bank of China, and 90% of consumer goods from the U.S. market are manufactured in China. Grand Dragon of the Eastern influence is so great that even parts of the arms of U.S. Army came to be manufactured in China.

Beijing did not state much thought. Earlier this year, the Chinese have already bought from tribal chiefs, valuable copper mine in Aynak, Logar province. The situation is increasingly tense in. Beijing is nascent Washington to apply pressure of the most diverse.

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Russians pack (sic) , in 1989, when Soviet troops withdrew from Afghanistan after a grueling guerrilla war. Today, the duo from the Kremlin tries to regain influence in former Soviet Asia. Given that information about the underground riches of Afghanistan are true, it is the main contender for the title of tsar crown jewel in Moscow.

Neither Moscow is not limited to the role of observer. Former owner of the treasure still knows many secrets. Recent disturbances in Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Kirghistan, resulting in pro-American regimes fall, suggesting a discrete approach, but the insistence of Russia. In addition, unprecedented near Russia and China, with more clear can foreshadow a united Eurasia, not only stick to put American Project in Afghanistan.

Unfortunately, as we can today to prefigure the future, there is little hope that the Afghans, as owners of the treasure, to enjoy the heritage of their homeland basement.

Look at these facts some taken from Federal agency reports in the last 6 months to a year:

1. 88 millions people are out of work for real….not all of them are filinf or on unemployment.

2. 1 out of every 7 people in America gets food stamps or help from food banks.

3. 1 in 4 homeowners owe more than their house is worth.

4. The government reports 9.5 million homeowners in America are at risk within the next 6-10 months of foreclosure.

5. Economic forecasters from the halls of the Ivy League colleges state only 56% of college graduates will find a job in the field they received their degree in…………..and they will probably not be able to find a job PERIOD!

6. SOME VERY CREDIBLE ECONOMIC FORECASTER SAY THE REAL UNEMPLOYMENT RATE IN AMERICA IS 19.6%.

7. 57% of All American children are living in home that score below the proverty index.

8. In 2006 The Bureau of Labor Statistics saidx 16.8 million people were self employed. The month the reports state only 14.5 million are self employed. Small businesses are folding rapidly acros the country.

9. The state of Nevada has the highest home forecolsure rate for over 59 months……hey Harry Reid what are you doing for your people back home?

10. 19-25 % of all men ages 19 to 30 are living with their parents!!!!!!

And here is one more you won’t believe—- If millionaire Bill Gates gave all his meny to the U.S. Government it would only cover 15