George Washington (Photo credit: cliff1066™)

Keep in mind that the third edition of the collector is a special edition of Europe, but not the Ubisoft name if it does not present a special edition for the other regions, especially for the U.S. market. Let’s wait for the announcement of another region in the foreseeable future.

Here is a third Collectors Editions of the game Assassin’s Creed III to be launched for the United Kingdom.

The Freedom Edition:
1. Contains the character Connor action figure as high as 24 cm.
2. Steel book cover drawn by award-winning comic book artist, Alex Ross.
3. George Washington’s record book that reveals the whole truth and secrets about the Assassins and the Templar’s during the American Revolution.
4. Exclusive lithograph.
5. Single player missions, Lost Mayan Ruins, where the mission Connor will be taken in an ancient Mayan pyramid full of mystery. Players can find out a short sword of incredible tales Captain Kidd.
6. Single player missions, Ghost of War, which will show the relationship between the revolution with the Templar’s. Defeat the enemies and get “The Pontiac’s War Club”, a powerful weapon from the American original.
7. Multiplayer Sharpshooter package, which will allow the anger to be able to release the Sharpshooter in multiplayer mode with a new character, Sharpshooter itself, a Relic, an emblem, a special image, and “Title of The Jester.”

The Join or Die Edition:
1. Medal of the Assassins.
2. George Washington’s record book.
3. Ghost of War missions.
4. Multiplayer Sharpshooter package.

The Special Edition (No Picture)
Assassin’s Creed Special Edition III presented with a special cover of the game and also an exclusive single-player mission called “A Dangerous Secret”. On this mission, players will adventure in a secret mission that would harm the revolution. If you successfully pass this mission, players will be rewarded with an exclusive weapon, “Flintlock Musket”.

Lenin was born in the Russian town of Simbirsk. His real name was Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov. When Lenin was a young student, he decided that the Russian government under the czar (king) was bad.

The czar and his officials did little to improve the lives of the millions of poor people in Russia. Some groups of people were working secretly to change the government.

We should not have to filter through all the crap that politicians put out there. We as Americans should be appalled by this. We have had a number of wonderful presidents because we knew what we wanted as a nation. 

George Washington
Abraham Lincoln
Teddy Roosevelt
John F. Kennedy
Andrew Jackson

All these names are famous because they did the right thing and not only that they did not take crap from people. They told the people what they were going to do and then… shocker… they did it!

Andrew Jackson and Teddy Roosevelt were especially good at this! They were some of the greatest ball busters of their respective times. We all know about these people because they were good at what they did. 

We have to ask ourselves as Americans who do we want as president.

People said that they wanted:
Bring Hope and Joy
Realism, Understanding, Leadership.
Charismatic and intelligent
Specific Aims
Fearlessness
Ask the tough questions and produce results

Look to yourself and when you vote take the knowledge of candidates with you. Don’t vote for someone that you are going to regret voting for. Not voting for someone sends a message that you want another candidate. 

George Washington (1732-1799), first president of the United States (1789-1797) and one of the most important leaders in United States history. His role in gaining independence for the American colonies and later in unifying them under the new U.S. federal government cannot be overestimated. Laboring against great difficulties, he created the Continental Army, which fought and won the American Revolution (1775-1783), out of what was little more than an armed mob. After an eight-year struggle, his design for victory brought final defeat to the British at Yorktown, Virginia, and forced Great Britain to grant independence to its overseas possession.

With victory won, Washington was the most revered man in the United States. A lesser person might have used this power to establish a military dictatorship or to become king. Washington sternly suppressed all such attempts on his behalf by his officers and continued to obey the weak and divided Continental Congress. However, he never ceased to work for the union of the states under a strong central government. He was a leading influence in persuading the states to participate in the Constitutional Convention, over which he presided, and he used his immense prestige to help gain ratification of its product, the Constitution of the United States.

	George Washington Quick Facts

Although worn out by years of service to his country, Washington reluctantly accepted the presidency of the United States. Probably no other man could have succeeded in welding the states into a lasting union. Washington fully understood the significance of his presidency. “I walk on untrodden ground,” he said. “There is scarcely any part of my conduct which may not hereafter be drawn in precedent.” During eight years in office, Washington laid down the guidelines for future presidents.

Washington lived only two years after turning over the presidency to his successor, John Adams. The famous tribute by General Henry Lee, “first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen,” accurately reflected the emotions that Washington’s death aroused. Later generations have crowned this tribute with the simple title “Father of His Country.”

II.

EARLY LIFE

George Washington was born on his father’s estate in Westmoreland County, Virginia, on February 22, 1732. He was the eldest son of a well-to-do Virginia farmer, Augustine Washington, by his second wife, Mary Ball. The Washington family was descended from two brothers, John and Lawrence Washington, who emigrated from England to Virginia in 1657. The family’s rise to modest wealth in three generations was the result of steady application to farming, land buying, and development of local industries.

Young George seems to have received most of his schooling from his father and, after the father’s death in 1743, from his elder half-brother Lawrence. The boy had a liking for mathematics, and he applied it to acquiring a knowledge of surveying, which was a skill greatly in demand in a country where people were seeking new lands in the West. For the Virginians of that time the West meant chiefly the upper Ohio River valley. Throughout his life, George Washington maintained a keen interest in the development of these western lands, and from time to time he acquired properties there.

George grew up a tall, strong young man, who excelled in outdoor pursuits, liked music and theatrical performances, and was a trifle awkward with girls but fond of dancing. His driving force was the ambition to gain wealth and eminence and to do well whatever he set his hand to.

His first real adventure as a boy was accompanying a surveying party to the Shenandoah Valley of northern Virginia and descending the Shenandoah River by canoe. An earlier suggestion that he should be sent to sea seems to have been discouraged by his uncle Joseph Ball, who described the prospects of an unknown colonial youth in the British Navy of that day as such that “he had better be put apprentice to a tinker.”When he was 17 he was appointed surveyor of Culpeper County, Virginia, the first public office he held.

In 1751 George had his first and only experience of foreign lands when he accompanied his half-brother Lawrence to the island of Barbados in the West Indies. Lawrence was desperately ill with tuberculosis and thought the climate might help, but the trip did him little good. Moreover, George was stricken with smallpox. He bore the scars from the disease for the rest of his life. Fortunately this experience gave him immunity to the disease, which was later to decimate colonial troops during the American Revolution.

III.

EARLY CAREER

A.

Militia Officer

Lawrence died in 1752. Under the terms of his will, George soon acquired the beautiful estate of Mount Vernon, in Fairfax County, one of six farms then held by the Washington family interests. Also, the death of his beloved half-brother opened another door to the future. Lawrence had held the post of adjutant in the colonial militia. This was a full-time salaried appointment, carrying the rank of major, and involved the inspection, mustering, and regulation of various militia companies. Washington seems to have been confident he could make an efficient adjutant at the age of 20, though he was then without military experience. In November 1752 he was appointed adjutant of the southern district of Virginia by Governor Robert Dinwiddie.

1.

First Mission

During the following summer, Virginia was alarmed by reports that a French expedition from Canada was establishing posts on the headwaters of the Ohio River and seeking to make treaties with the Native American peoples. Governor Dinwiddie received orders from Britain to demand an immediate French withdrawal, and Major Washington promptly volunteered to carry the governor’s message to the French commander. His ambition at this time was to secure royal preference for a commission in the regular British army, and this expedition promised to bring him to the king’s attention.

Washington took with him a skillful and experienced frontiersman, Christopher Gist, together with an interpreter and four other men. Reaching the forks of the Ohio, he found that the French had withdrawn northward for the winter. After inconclusive negotiations with the Native Americans living there, who were members of the Iroquois Confederacy, he pressed on and finally delivered Dinwiddie’s message to the French commander at Fort Le Boeuf, not far from Lake Erie. The answer was polite but firm: The French were there to stay. Returning, Washington reached Williamsburg, the capital of Virginia, to deliver this word to the governor in mid-January 1754, having made a hard wilderness journey of more than 1600 km (1000 mi) in less than three months. With his report he submitted a map of his route and a strong recommendation that an English fort be erected at the forks of the Ohio as quickly as possible, before the French returned to that strategic position in the spring.

Dinwiddie, who was himself a large stockholder in companies exploiting western lands, acted promptly on this suggestion. He sent William Trent with a small force to start building the fort. Major Washington was to raise a column of 200 men to follow and reinforce the advance party.

2.

Promotion

This was Washington’s first experience with the difficulties of raising troops while lacking equipment, clothing, and funds. Apparently he thought his efforts worthy of some recognition and successfully applied to Dinwiddie for a lieutenant colonel’s commission. He left Alexandria, Virginia, early in April with about 150 poorly equipped and half-trained troops.

3.

First Battles

Before he had advanced very far, Washington received news that the French had driven Trent’s men back from the Ohio forks. He did not turn back, but pushed on to establish an advanced position from which, when reinforced, he hoped to turn the tables. He set part of his men to work building a log stockade, which he named Fort Necessity. On May 27, 1754, he surprised a French force in the woods and routed it after a short battle. The French commander, Ensign Joseph Coulon, Sieur de Jumonville, was killed in the clash, and Washington took prisoners back to Fort Necessity. He had won his first victory.

The French, on hearing of Jumonville’s death, sent out a larger force. Unfortunately for Washington, these troops reached Fort Necessity before he had received either the men or the supplies he expected from Virginia. On July 3 the fort was attacked by the French and some Iroquois who had allied with them, beginning what would be called the French and Indian War (1754-1763). The fort did not have the soldiers or arms to hold out. However, the French offered surrender terms that were not humiliating: The Virginians were to abandon the fort and withdraw to their own settlements, leaving two hostages for good faith. Washington’s papers and journal were taken, and he was to sign a surrender document. Washington accepted the terms on July 4 after the surrender document was translated for him and did not appear to contain any offensive statements.

Back in Williamsburg, Washington had become famous. The victory over Jumonville was applauded, and he was not blamed for surrendering his fort to superior forces. The expedition was written up in a British magazine and thereby came to the attention of the king, George II. The magazine quoted Washington as saying that he found “something charming” in the sound of the bullets whizzing past his head at the Jumonville skirmish. At this the king remarked, “He would not say so if he had been used to hear many.”

There were two repercussions that caused Washington some regrets. First, he found that his translator had been mistaken. An accurate translation of the surrender document showed it to contain the phrase “assassination of Sieur de Jumonville,” implying that Washington had killed the French commander dishonorably. Secondly, the French published a translation of Washington’s journal. But it was heavily edited and the emphasis changed to make it appear that the French soldiers were merely on a diplomatic mission. Representatives of King George inquired

Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009. © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

blah blah blah blah
blah blah blah blah

they want to make em pee in a cup
i just want my taxes cut
i have to remind them nothing’s free
drug testing will steal more from me

terry stops to stop immigration
do you think they’ll stop there?
foot in the door for Real ID
but they got you cheering for it
because it’s not targeting you…
YET!

have you read the MIAC report?
the USAPATRIOT Act is already targeting you
The Drug War, the war on terror
Are all just policy laundery
Washington’s taking you to the cleaners
Has you supporting the roots of tyranny

you say we should support Israel
you forgot to put the gun down
government is force not eloquence
everything’s funded through violence

if you want to support em
do what Glenn Beck says
write em a check your damn self
being world police costs too much
and blows back in our face

please tell me again how welfare is evil
and taxing me for war is a-ok

when the fucking wars make us less safe
and reduce our standing in the international community
and debt debt debt

1776 Congress adopts the name The United States of America

1777 Congress adopts the stars and stripes flag

1781 The Revolutionary War ends

1787 Delegates from the 13 states meet in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to write a consitution

1788 The Consitution takes effect

1789 George Washington becomes the first President of the United States

1791 The Bill of Rights becomes law

1792 Washington is elected to a second term

1796 John Adams is elected the new president

1800 Washington. D.C, became the nation’s capital. Thomas Jefferson is elected the new president

1801 Jefferson send the U.S. Navy to fight Barbary pirates in North Africa

1803 The Louisiana Purchase doubles the size of the United States

1808 James Madison is elected as the new president

1812 The War of 1812 begins

1814 British troops burn Washington, D.C. Dolly Madison saves important papers and a portrait of George Wasington

1815 The War of 1812 ends

1816 James Monroe is elected the new president

1820 The Missouri Compromise is adopted as law

1823 The Monroe Doctrine takes effect

1824 John Quincy Adams son of John Adams, is elected the new President.

Now lets turn the tables back a little and learn some on George Washington, our first president.

Born february 22, 1732, in Wesrmoreland County, Virginia. He had seven to eight years of formal schooling, leaving at the age of 15. He was a farmer and military commander. He’s vice president was John Adams. Married January 6, 1759 to Martha Dandridge Curtis. They had no children of their own, just Martha’s two from her other marriage. Washington was known as a commander in the War, the name stuck when he was moved to being a president. They started calling him Commander, and that’s how Commander and Chief came to be for presidents. Washington died December 14,1799, he went for a ride in the worst part of winter and got very sick. He died a week later, but not from sickness per say, back then they thought draning some of your blood would heal you, but in this case it made Washington weaker and he died.

9

The Confederation and the Constitution

1776-1790

1. Pre-Reading Information

   1. American Revolution

      • Not a radical revolution/total change didn’t happen. Not many disturbed

      • Changes affected social customs, political institutions, ideas about society, government, and gender roles

2. The Pursuit of Equality

   1. Social Democracy

      • DOI: “All men created equal”

1.  
   1.  

      • Reduced property holding requirements for voting + men/women who weren’t wealthy demanded to be called Mr/Mrs. Boss, not master, Primogeniture removed

1.  
   1.  

      • 1784 ship of Ind. Servants released in NY, due to status violating democratic ideals

        • 1800 servitude gone

      • Continental Army officers formed exclusive hereditary orders, Society of the Cincinnati

      • Further stimulated by growth of trade organization for artisans/laborers

   2. Separation of Church and State

      • Congregational Church still remained in authority, Anglican Church → Protestant Episcopal Church, and was disestablished

      • Virginia Statue for Religious Freedom, Thomas Jefferson + co-reformers, 1786, separated religion and government VA

   3. Slavery

      • Philadelphia Quakers 1775 anti-slavery society. Cont. Congress. 1774, called for abolition of slavery, which most colonies responded +, & several north states abolished slavery outright

      • States south of PA didn’t abolish slavery + North/South had laws discriminating African Americans:Being barred from having property, holding certain jobs + educating children, and anti interracial marriage laws came up

      • Didn’t knock out slavery because didn’t want fragile union to collapse

   4. Woman’s rights

      • Low woman’s rights, NJ 1776 for a time allowed to vote, but most doing woman’s work at time

      • Civic virtue- Unselfishness of citizen for public good , and women taught these virtues to kids

2. Constitution Making in the States

   1. Continental Congress 1776

      • Called to write new constitution, RI/CT retouched their charters, others had republic spirit

      • MA- Special Convention, drafted constitution then submitted final draft to people for ratific. , once adopted 1780, couldn’t be changed except by another constitutional convention

   2. State Constitutions

      • State constitutions had a lot in common with each other. British tradition = constitutions not written document but collection of laws,customs,precedents

      • Americans invented something different, documents = contracts defining power of gov’t + authority from people, not from royal seal/king

      • State constitutions, intended to rep. Fundamental law. Included bills of rights, guaranteeing liberties, new legislature annually, weak executive/judicial branches.

      • All states legislature given most power, but Paine + Americans disagreed

      • Democratic character of new legislature demonstrated from recent enfranchised poorer western districts, had major effect like moving capitals westward(NY, VA, NC, NH, SC, GA)

3. Economic Crosscurrents

   1. Economic Changes

      • States seized control of crown lands, Loyalist holdings confiscated + cut up into small farms

      • Roger Morris’s estate NY was cut up into 250 parcels, accelerating spread of economic democracy, which preceded political democracy.

      • Stimulus given to manufacturing by the prewar non importation agreements, and later by the war itself. Good imported to Britain cut off. America remained nation of farmers

      • Americans barred from British + British West Indies, fisheries disrupted, and bounties for ships stores had ended.

        • Allowed to trade freely with foreign nations + subject to local restrictions

      • Yankees sail to Baltic/China. 1784 Empress of China, ginseng came into East Asia markets

      • War had spawned demoraliz. Extravagance, speculation + profiteering (as high as 300%)

      • State governments under too much debt to ever repay, inflation ruining citizens Congress failed at curb economic laws. Better off before war than after. New rich class of profiteers

4. A Shaky Start Toward Unity

   1. Creating and Operating a New Central Government

      • Hard to setup a new government of a new type. American was not very unified

      • Political system left to experimentation/innovation, and mass confusion

      • 1786 British goods hit American market hurting War-baby American industries

      • All colonies similar in government, + G. Wash, J. Madison, J. Adams, T. Jefferson, A. Hamilton, political leaders

5. Creating a Confederation

   1. Second Continental Congress

      • Conference of ambassadors, states were essentially sovereign, raised armies/navies, and taxed

      • Before decl. Independence 1776, asked committee for written constitution. Articles of Confederation = finished product, 1777, + translated into French after Saratoga for French supp.

        • Not accepted by all 13 states until 1781

      • 6 states had no holdings past Allegheny mountains, and 7 were favored with enormous acreage. Those with Allegheny lands could sell and pay debts, but those w/o had to heavily tax

      • Unanimous approval of AoC required, and VA held out until March 1, 1781. Congress pledged to dispose these vast areas for the “common benefit”. Agreed to carve from the new public domain where “republican states” would be admitted into with complete equality. Later redeemed in Northwest Ordinance of 1787

      • Fertile public lands transferred to central gov’t +westward pioneers purchased land from federal government

6. The Articles of Confederation: America’s First Constitution

   1. Articles of Confederation

      • 13 states linked together to deal with common problems, Congress chief agency of gov’t, not executive/judicial branch.

      • Each state had a single vote, any bills dealing with important subjects required 9 votes, and amendments req. unanimous ratification. Unanimity almost impossible, amending process unworkable.

   2. Congress

      • Congress weak, designed to be weak, suspicious states didn’t want American Parliament to take their newly acquired privileges

      • Two handicaps of Congress, no power to regulate commerce => states establish different/conflicting laws about taxes/navigation. Couldn’t enforce tax-collection program either. Asked states to contribute their share on voluntary basis, only got ¼ of what they asked for

      • National gov’t in Philadelphia, could not command/control/coerce independent states , could not act upon citizens, could not protect itself against indignities. 1783 group of angry PA soldiers demonstrated in front of Ind. Hall, and Congressmen forced to flee after no help.

      • Less effective than Continental Congress

      • AoC loose model of what confederation out to be like. T. Jeff. “Heaven and hell”

      • Stepping stone to current Constitution, outlined general powers exercised by central gov’t like treaty making + postal service

7. Landmarks in Land Laws

   1. Congress of the Confederation

      • Succeeded in passing supremely farsighted pieces of legislation

        • Related to the public domain recently acquired by states known as Old Northwest

   2. Townships

      • Land Ordinance 1785, said acreage of Old Northwest sold to pay national debt.

      • Was to be divided into townships 6 miles square, split into 36 sections, 16th section sold for benefit of public schools. Northwest = Orderly, Ohio River = Chaos

      • Northwest Ordinance of 1787, came to grips about how country should deal with colonies. There would be 2 evolutionary stages, where area would be subordinated to federal gov’t. After 60,000 people there, it could become a state. Slavery banned in Northwest

8. The World’s Ugly Duckling

   1. Foreign Relations

      • British refused to make commercial treaty or repeal Navigation Laws. Lord Sheffield argued that they would win back American trade anyways. Closed Brit West Indies to Americans

      • Brits intrigued by Allen brothers and sought to annex Vermont to Britain. Redcoats stayed in north to trade with Indians and to keep Indian support in order to defend Canada

      • Grievances against Britain made Americans mad, and they demanded that US impose restrictions on British imports to America, but Congress could not control commerce.

      • Spain unfriendly to new Republic, owned mouth of the Mississippi, and 1784 closed it to American commerce. Also owned GoM + Florida.

      • Natchez on disputed soil held important fort. Brits + Spanish + Indians prevented American from having effective control on ½ its territories

      • French demanded repayment of money loaned during war, and placed trade restrictions

      • North African pirates ravaged Mediterranean commerce + enslaved Yankee sailors. British purchased protection for their own subjects, including Americans, until independence.

9. The Horrid Specter of Anarchy

   1. Economic Storm Clouds

      • System of raising money was failing, public debt piling up + nations credit evaporating

      • States were getting out of hand quarreling over boundaries + taxing things from one another

      • Shay’s Rebellion 1786, led by Capt Daniel Shay, impoverished farmers losing land due to mortgage, wanted state to issue paper money, lighten taxes, and suspend property takeovers

      • MA authorities raised a small army, killing the movement in Springfield, but passed debtor-relief laws

      • Republicanism had fed an insatiable appetite for liberty that was fast becoming license. Civic virtue not good enough. A strong central government was needed, instead of republicanism

      • Wealthy conservatives wanted a strong central government, and poor wanted anarchy. But everyone agreed Confederation needed strengthening

      • Nearly half the states had not issued paper $$. 1789 overseas shipping regained place in world

10. A Convention of “Demigods”

    1. Control of Commerce

       • VA calls for convention at Annapolis, MA, 1786. 9 states appointed delegates, 5 represented

       • Hamilton called for Congress to summon convention to meet in Phili next year, to bolster AoC

    2. Meeting in Philadelphia

       • Every state chose a representative(Except RI), who were appointed by voters. When one of them mentioned restricting federal office to major property owners, he was denounced for interweaving republican constitution a veneration for wealth”

       • Quorum of 55 emisaries from 12 states convened @ Phili May 25 1787. Session held in secrecy

       • Most emissaries were lawyers, and most had helped write constitutions in their own state

       • G. Wash elected chairman. J. Mad. 36 at time, “Father of the constitution”, Hamilton = 32, 5 hr speech

       • Many revolutionary leaders of 1776 were not there, like Jefferson, Adams, and Paine

11. Patriots in Philadelphia

    1. The Delegates

       • Were a conservative body, none from poorer debtor group, 19/55 owned slaves, nationalists. Desired firm, dignified, and respected gov’t

       • Delegates determined to preserve union, forestall anarchy, ensure security of life and property against dangerous uprising.

12. Hammering out a Bundle of Compromises

    1. A Daring Step

       • Delegates decided they would scrap old AoC, instead of revise. Said that representation in House + Congress should be based on population, but small NJ said that Congress should have the same amount of people. The two sides got into a deadlock

       • House of Representatives = Based on population, Senate = 2 people per state. All tax bills/revenue measures had to originate in the house

       • New Constitution provided for a executive in the presidency. President was to have broad authority, + to be able to veto legislature. President allowed to wage war but Congress was the one who declared war

       • Constitution was a bundle of compromises. Method of electing president was with Electoral Colleges rather than directly. Large states had advantage in first round of voting, small states had a larger voice of no candidate got a majority of electoral votes and the election thrown to HoR

         • Election by House happened twice, 1800 + 1824

       • Slaves decided to be considered 3/5 of a power (“3/5 compromise”). Most states wanted to shut down slave trade, but SC + GA protested. Left issue untouched until 1807.

13. Safeguards fro Conservatism

    1. Delegates Clashes

       • Delegates agreed over the majority of things, members of Cont Congress saw eye to eye, demanding sound money + protection of private property. Politically in agreement about 3 branches system with checks and balances, and convention eventually virtually unanimous

       • Federal judges appointed for life, president indirectly appointed by Electoral College, Senators chosen indirectly by slate legislature. Only in HoR were people allowed to choose by vote

       • New charter contained democratic elements, 2 main republican ideas, that the only legitimate government was based on the consent of the governed, and the power of government limited. Virtue of people, not authority, was the guarantor of liberty, justice, + order

       • End of 17 weeks, May 25 – Sept 17, 1787, only 42/55 remained to sign Constitution. 3/42 refused to, returning to states to resist ratification. No member of convention 100% happy

14. The Clash of Federalists and Anti-federalists

    1. Acceptance

       • Since Framing Fathers knew that RI would veto the Constitution made it so that 9/13 states needed so that Constitution becomes supreme law in their lands

       • This way framers could get popular sanction for their handiwork, and a divided Congress could submit the doc to the states on this basis, w/o recommendation

       • American people surprised that a new document had come out instead of a revised AoC. Anti-federalists who opposed strong federal gov’t were against the federalists who favored it

       • Samuel Adams, Patrick Henry, Richard Henry Lee led anti-federalists. Included state right devotees,back country dwellers,and one horse farmers(poorest classes basically), also by debtors

       • Federalists had more power + influence, including G. Wash + B. Frank. Most who lived by seaboard, were wealthier, and controlled the press. 1780’s 12/100 were antifederalist

       • Antifederalists thought Constitution was going to take power away from the common folk, and that there was no bill of rights.

15. The Great Debate in the States

    1. Acceptance

       • Special elections held in various states for members of ratifying convention, elected based on pledges for or against Constitution

       • 4 states quickly accepted the Constitution. PA #2 on list of ratifiers, first large state to act, but not until irregularities had been employed by federalist legislature in calling a convention, including forced seating of 2 antifederalist members

       • MA, 2nd most populous state, held Boston ratifying convention. Included Shaysites and antifederalist majority, + Samuel Adams. Absence of BoR alarmed anti F’s, but assured that first Congress would add one, and ratification was then secured in MA 187 to 168

       • 3 more states fell into line, last being NH, who first had anti F majority, but then secured ratification still.

       • Document officially adopted June 21, 1788.

16. The Four Laggard States

    1. Virginia

       • Anti F opposition, incl Patrick Henry saying he fears to document will warrant death to liberty

       • With NH about to ratify, Union was about to be formed, and VA could not be comfortable as an independent state, and eventually ratified after an exciting debate

    2. New York

       • Heavily anti F state convention

       • Hamilton favored stronger central gov’t, but he used his personality to whip up support for federalism. He also joined John Jay + James Madison in making a series of article for NY papers. (designed as propaganda). (The Federalist)

       • NY finally yielded after realizing they couldn’t prosper w/o the Union

    3. The Other States

       • NC/RI rejected the Constitution

       • Last 4 states eventually ratified because they had to in order to be safe.

17. A Conservative Triumph

    1. Minority triumphs

       • Triumphed in American revolution, and overthrowing the AoC , 11 ratified and 2 stayed in the cold

       • Only ¼ adult males had voted for delegates. If the Constitution had been submitted to manhood-suffrage vote would have probably been defeated

       • Conservatism victorious, safegaurds placed against mob-rule , while republican views from the Revolution stayed. Federalists believed that if they set American on the right course, they could restore economic/political stability

       • Architects of Constitution conserved principle of republican government through redefinition of popular sovereignty. Federalists believed every branch of gov’t represented the 

1. Osama Bin Laden was not the first to attack the U.S. in its own territory. The “merit” is the Mexican Pancho Villa, who in 1916 crossed the Rio Grande and attacked the town of Columbia, Texas, where it killed seven people. The raid lasted less than ten hours.
2. The three ships of Columbus were actually two. Pinta and Nina. For the third vessel that participated in the discovery of America was other larger boat. Her name was Maria Galante, but Columbus renamed it Santa Maria.
3. The Witches of Salem were not burned at the stake. However do not think they were pardoned. In fact were hanged, which sentence was the penalty that communities and Calvinist Protestants used to dictate to the cases of witchcraft.
4. Napoleon was not so small. In fact, average 1.68 cm., An acceptable height for his time, and even surpassed by 4 cm, the Duke of Wellington, his arch-enemy English.
5. In Casablanca, Bogart never uttered the phrase: “Play it again, Sam.” In fact, the exact phrase is: “Sam Tap, tap ‘As time goes by.” To end up ruining the myth, the actor who played Sam (Dooley Wilson) just sang, because he could not play the piano. The monitoring was built in the studio.
6. The Vikings did not wear helmets with horns. Was the brainchild of Swedish painter Gustav Malstrom in the illustrations he made in 1820 for the epic poem `s Frithiof Saga. The purpose of these horns was unrealistic portrayal of the fierce warriors of the North and almost demonic beings.
7. Hundred years war actually lasted 116 years, from 1337 to 1453, the year in which the kings of England and France (the countries in conflict) brought an end to hostilities.
8. The Boston Strangler, Albert De Salvo, not strangled their victims. At least, not at all. Only in this way killed the first and the remaining twelve killed by blows or stabs.
9. George Washington was not the first U.S. president. When starting the American Revolution in 1714, a committee of notables elected Peyton Randolph, in an improvised manner, to this office. After his resignation, eight individuals served as president until 1789, the year he finally approved the U.S. Constitution and that the first elections were held for the position, in which Washington was finally elected.
10. Walt Disney could not draw and never drew any of his famous characters. For many years it was said that Mickey Mouse had been created for him, but now know that was exclusively the work of cartoonist Ub Wickers who left Disney to share authorship for you to return a favor.

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