It consists of four main areas: a social dialectic of capitalism; a dialectic of ethnic collective identity; moral discourse and a commitment to universal pleasure.

The social dialectic of capitalism is demonstrated most powerfully and eloquently by the Occupy Wall Street (OWS) movement: the courageous demonstrators have proved, despite the efforts of the forces of conservatism and their continued use of violence, that alternatives exist to the mute acceptance of exploitation. OWS demonstrates that the need to articulate a detailed alternative to advanced capitalism may exist but that is no need not to demonstrate against the greed and economic thuggery of the banksters and their apologists and cronies.

The dialectic of ethnic collective identity relates to the work that has already been completed in confronting conservative society with the reality of racism and discrimination. 

Moral discourse relates to the way that people do and should behave towards each other: it prioritizes compassion and solidarity over the accident of birth and it does not confuse luck with virtue. There is again a clear distinction with the Right here: the Right will (and does) uphold the idea that people born into privilege are not only deserving of the numerous benefits they receive but deserve the privilege of governing the state in the interest of themselves and other members of the same class.

Morality also relates to the absolute rejection of violence: no violence, whether by the state or in the workplace or in the family should be tolerated. Those who tolerate or promote the use of violence, no matter on what pretext they may rely, can be considered morally acceptable.

Finally and, perhaps, most importantly, is the promotion of the culture of pleasure. This is pleasure for everyone not pleasure for the few at the expense of others. It is the promotion of the idea of pleasure that does not degrade or exploit any other person. As Therborn observes, only right-wing perverts (Strauss-Kahn, Limbaugh, Berlusconi, Hoover etc) take their pleasure in mistreating others. Let us celebrate a lifestyle in which all enjoy their humanity, free from the disgusting lies of the Right.

Critical theory was conceived of as a philosophically self-conscious, reflexive conception of the dialectical critique of political economy. This is not directly related to Marxism (insofar as Marxism is understood today – bearing in mind that in this period properly published versions of the second and third volumes of Capital were not available and nor were such seminal texts as the Grundrisse) but it was part of a tradition that took inspiration from Marxism and sought to extend its claim for scientific materialism and the dialectical method that would explain all facets of human activity and society. Principal exponents of the Frankfurt School, notably Theodor Adorno, are more known for their interest in aesthetic issues rather than the overtly political or economic. However, the role of critical theory was to help map out the ways in which the apparently hidden connections linking these realms of thought together.

Adorno and others were forced to flee Europe to the US as a result of the war and much of their subsequent intellectual work was based on critiques of capitalism as represented by, for example, the Hollywood industry. Facing the results of the tragedy of the war, founding members of the Critical Theory approach found it rather easier to identify those institutions and processes which they found problematic but not so easy to identify that which should replace them. Europe and much of its intellectual traditions lie in ruins and the revolutionary future apparently promised by the Soviet system remained hidden by the Cold War.

For more details, see Goran Therborn’s From Marxism to Post-Marxism? (Verso: London and New York, 2010).

This book is a concise summary of the major contemporary political ideologies, and provides plenty of information. Each chapter also provides details of further reading should its readers wish to study any of the ideologies in greater detail.

Over all Eatwell and Wright along with the other contributors make this an excellent tome for those interested in studying ideologies, ranging from Communism, Conservatism, Ecologism, through to Nationalism.

Marxism views materialism as the drive for all areas of production to attempt to widen the margin profit for their benefit, and as a result, underrating their workers. As mentioned before, this is seen in countries such as India and China where sweat shop factories are in use in order to mass produce goods to export all over the world, slaving it’s workers for minimum pay. Marxism’s method of attempting to reduce this problem is to introduce a system which hopes to value material goods fairly. This was hoped to be achieved by valuing goods by the amount of effort or commodities that are in demand, such as energy resources and food, creating a balance of wealth distribution. This means, in an ideal Marxist society, there would be no existence such things such as designer brand names or on a larger scale, poverty. This also encourages others to help understand the working class struggles of supporting their families financially and the oppressed masses that are manipulated by those who are in power and under dictatorships. However, during the introduction of Marxism in the 19th Century, the Great Depression influenced Marx’s ideas quite negatively. Due to this Economic Depressions affect on employment rates, it would have been difficult for Marx to rally supporters in order to support his system. However, he did rally success at some point.

Catholicism views materialism as a lack of spirituality in an individual and/or someone who finds comfort in physical possessions. Catholics nowadays generally take a passive approach to attempt to open our minds and our perception to their beliefs regarding materialism; that it is unimportant in the physical world. The emphasis of spiritual enhancement in the physical world is what is broadly recognized as the first steps into entering the afterlife, or heaven. To share love and compassion in the physical world is what is deemed as important in the bible, to achieve a place in the afterlife. Although it would be impractical for everyone to give up their physical possessions for the benefit of a guaranteed satisfying afterlife, but it is possible for us to be aware of the issue and not too become too selfish or greedy.

This presentation will compare the views of mainstream Catholics and Marxists on the issue of materialism. Catholicism takes a more passive and spiritual approach to materialism whereas Marxism attempts to practically create a slightly more just system, which is however very impractical in reality. Their key ideas however, lead to similar objectives. Despite the fact Marxism promotes shared wealth and Catholicism rejects material goods, they both have similar aims in their shared hope of achieving a less materialist society.

Marxists, frown upon the idea of materialism. Because the wealthy bourgeois have such a large capital sum, from abusing the proletariats, it is easy for them to manipulate the proletariats to do as they are told. Marxism attempts to eliminate this problem by eliminating the class structure. Its impracticability lied beneath the surface of greed and selfishness. It would be impossible to eliminate these values in order to create and sustain this idea of Marx and Engels, otherwise, it would cease to exist in the first place. Marxism is becoming less existent every year, especially in countries such as China where Mao Zedong, communist party leader, introduced the system into the People’s Republic of China. After Mao Zedong’s ruling, more and more corporations and companies began sprouting and abusing the Marxist rulings of the present time in order to achieve greater profits. Other countries that have also fallen under similar rule more recently include Soviet Russa, Cuba, Napel, Vietnam and Korea. By the early 1950’s to the 1990’s, Marxism dropped in popularity, a dramatic hit to the Soviet Union.

It is for that very reason, greed and selfishness; Marxist almost ceases to exist in our society today. If Marxism were to be reintroduced and reiterated, it would not be long until someone abuses the system for their own material gain.

Catholicism is a faction of Christianity. The teachings of Catholicism are based on interpretations of the teachings of Jesus Christ that Catholics believe are presented in the Bible, particularly the New Testament. Catholicism is also preached through papal preaching and these sermons (readings) are usually read by representatives of the clergy such as a bishop, priest, pastor, preacher or the Pope himself. These readings are usually passed on writings of scribes from history itself.

Catholics nowadays generally take a passive approach to attempt to open our minds and our perception to their beliefs regarding materialism; that it is unimportant in the physical world. The emphasis of spiritual enhancement in the physical world is what is broadly recognized as the first steps into entering the afterlife, or heaven. To share love and compassion in the physical world is what is deemed as important in the bible, to achieve a place in the afterlife. Although it would be impractical for everyone to give up their physical possessions for the benefit of a guaranteed satisfying afterlife, but it is possible for us to be aware of the issue and not too become too selfish or greedy. And as said in the bible, Matthew 19:24, “And again I say to you, it is easier for a camel to go through an eye of a needle than for a rich man to go to enter the Kingdom of God”.

Because Catholicism has such a large number of followers around the world, its influence is major and has a large impact on society. Their preaching’s practiced by a large numbers around the globe and because of mass media and other forms of communication; it’s easy to distribute their ideas throughout mainstream society. With Easter, Lent, Christmas and other celebrations held annually throughout the year, you can see how, with Sunday Mass’, Catholicism binds a large number of Catholics together in order to spread the good news and it’s preaching’s. These people are then encouraged to spread the good news in order to promote the word of God and evade from ideas such as greed and selfishness.

Although Karl Marx died long ago, his works are much alive today and in fact constitutes the main body of conceptual and theoretical work within conflict perspective. His thought has had immense influence in shaping practical policies. Marxism is still a practical body of thought and doctrine. A substantial part of his body of thought provides sociologists with a systematic and rigorous way of analyzing society and forms the core of the conflict perspective.

In treating alienation Marx’s key concept is fetishism. By fetishism he suggests that men somehow come to dissociate themselves from their own products whether these are material things or ideas. Somehow these man-made things and ideas obtain a life of their own become more important than their inventor man and end up dominating him.

Such objects are thus set apart from man, they are alien to him and come to dominate him. Examples of such objects in the realm of ideas are the laws of supply and demand which impersonally determine what should be produced, how many should be employed etc.Such laws are not seen to be the products of man’s own thinking but are regarded as the truth which is out there, permanent and inviolable.

In short Marx argues that men are alienated from one another; they are alienated from their products, material and ideal.They are also alienated from their society. Though for Marx, alienation exists in all societies which have private property of the means of production, he argued that only in capitalist society had it reached its fullest, most  crippling development

The term anarchism which describes a social system based on anarchy, without formal and hierarchic government (no monarchs, oligarchs etc.. is derived from two Greek words, an archos which together mean “without a chief or head.” Anarchism was one of the most radical and influential political philosophies to develop in Europe during the 19th century. The defining ideal of anarchism is that government should be abolished in order to allow human communities to flourish in a state of anarchy, without the constraint of authoritarian oversight. Another belief of anarchist is that the people should be allowed to live in free associations, sharing work and its products.  <P>

Although its practical beginnings of anarchy as a political movement came in the 19th century, anarchism has theoretical roots in the writings of two English social reformers of the period know as “The Age Of Reason. These were Gerrard Winstanley and William Godwin. Winstanley was a 17th-century agricultural reformer who believed that land should be divided among all the people. At the time the opposite was happening; as a result of the enclosures acts peasant farmers were being deprived of the common land on whish their sheep, goats and pigs cattle had grazed and foraged for centuries (<A HREF=”otherslaves1.shtml”>The other slaves</A>)  The other,Godwin, in a book entitled ‘An Enquiry Concerning Political Justice’ (1793), argued that authority is unnatural and that social evils arise and exist because people are not free to live their lives according to the dictates of reason. He might have been disappointed had this been put into practice because not only were the majority of poor people uneducated and thus dependent on those in authority, the priest, the Lord of the Manor’s or his baliff or foreman and the village elders, to do their reasoning for them. But it was a good idea on paper.  <P>

The term anarchism was coined by French political writer Pierre-Joseph Proudhon who laid the theoretical foundations of a political movement. Proudhon’s ideas were in many ways similar to socialism, though not to Marxism in that it did not put the all powerful state at the top of a many layered bureaucratic hierarchy. Proudhon urged that in place of the unrestricted rights of owners of private property, the people should control the means of production that they use. Instead of government Proudhon desired a federal system of agricultural and industrial cooperatives.<P>

Proudhon’s theories attracted a lot of followers in an era when intellectuals were questioning the old, hierarchic social orders with their rigidly stratified class structures. Among the most influential although few are widely known now, were the Russian radicals <A HREF=”en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin “>Mikhail Bakunin</A> and <A HREF=”www.blackcrayon.com/library/britt1910.html “>Peter Kropotkin</A>, <A HREF=”http://womenshistory.about.com/od/goldmanemma/p/emma_goldman.htm”>Emma Goldman</A>;  Frenchman <A HREF=”http://www.britannica.com/facts/5/539317/Georges-Sorel-as-discussed-in-anarchism”>Georges Sorel</A>; and the American <A HREF=”http://theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/Paul_Goodman__Reflections_on_the_Anarchist_Principle.html”>Paul Goodman</A>. These individuals all elaborated theories of anarchism based on Proudhon’s work. <P>

As with all broad political philosophies there evolved many different tendencies covered by the umbrella term anarchism. Some even interpreted it as a call to establish a Trotskyist system and as Trotsky called for permanent revolution and advocated achieving this aim through terrorism the term anarchist has become associated with lawlessness and violent insurrection. Any group of protestors who resort to destruction of property, looting and terrorising the population are quickly dismissed as Anarchists by the dark forces of authoritarianism when in fact they are just criminals.

While some more level headed supporters of anarchism claim that out of such a breakdown of social order a new order would emerge others, with more justification, fear widespread disorder and lawlessness could only lead to the imposition of repressive laws and heavy handed policing by an authoritarian government. Though Trotsky showed valid insight into the nature of human societies when he spoke of every revolution being ultimately betrayed because as soon as the accede to government the revolutionaries become the new establishment, clearly the system he advocated would be unworkable and have catastrophic consequences for any society that adopted it..

Some elements continue to insist however that the only means to change society is through terrorism. This type of political campaigning, known as “propaganda by the deed,” appeals mainly to the young or the obsessively insane, the fanatics. It has led to a number of high profile political assassinations over the years.

More reasonable thinkers including Sorel and Goodman, tried to combine the goals of anarchism with those of trade unions in an ideology dubbed anarcho-syndicalism, or revolutionary syndicalism. The main tool of this movement was the general strike, by which anarcho-syndicalists hoped to achieve their goal of abolishing capitalism and the state and of establishing organized worker production units. 

Economic and social change brought about by the Industrial Revolution led to an explosion of political theories such as anarchism, communism, and socialism, as well as to modern liberalism (not the crypto liberalism of the politically correct left but the traditional liberalism that flourished in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The three main movements of the political left were at first united by their basic desire to overthrow the existing political order. the anarchists however soon split from the others when it became clear the communists and socialists of the Labour movement were moving towards replacing the old all – powerful elites with an all – powerful central state. While the communists and socialists wished to take control of the state and through that control impose their ideas, the anarchists wished to abolish the state altogether. Anarchism continued as a mass movement until the end of World War II. It was especially strong in Spain, where anarchists played an active role in the Spanish Civil War.

The movement declined because after of the success of communist in the Russian Revolution it and the victory of the hard line authoritarian Bolsheviks in the wake of the old system’s collapse it quickly became clear what kind of oppressive, tyrannical regime the revolutionaries would replace the old order with and also because of the suppression of anarchists by Fascist governments in Italy in the 1920s and Germany in the 1930s. 

In Europe’s other great industrial nations, Britain and France, and in the USA, support for anarchistic movements was eroded as liberal governments undertook massive social reform programmes to improve the lives of the great mass of industrial workers.

Although there was a revival of  anarchism during the civil rights and antiwar movements of the 1950s and 1960s, anarchism persists primarily as an ideal, a warning against the dangers of concentrating power in the hands of governmental or economic institutions.

Thought myself sympathetic to the ideals of non violent anarchists, small government, minimalist laws and a system that allows as much personal freedom as possible on the understanding that those who step over the boundaries of what is acceptable to the group must face appropriate consequences I have always accepted that a nation could not function with zero taxes and no government at all. There are certain functions that can only be provided by government, certain aspects of individual or group behaviour to which the will of the majority must apply. And there must be an authorised (by the will of the majority) body to enforce such laws as their are and to administer justice. Mob rule is not a fit system for either policing or justice and we must all shoulder our hare of the responsibility for protecting the weak from exploitation by the strong.

Assigned Reading
Anarchism: What it really means by Emma Goldman
Anarchism – George Woodcock (from the Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 1967)
Flight From Freedom
What Is A Liberal
William Cobbett: The first radical conservative
The War Between Science and Religion
Populist Authoritarianism

In the Age that we live in, most States follow either one of these Economic Systems, Socialism, Capitalism or a Mixed System. Most Socialist countries are not truly socialist and true Socialism has almost ceased to exist. Capitalism is dominant but many Countries have opted to become Mixed Economies to provide for the essential needs of their people. Even the National Socialist Economic system can be considered a Mixed Economic System.

A New Idea

I have in mind a system which is not based on the whims of the government or the movement of the market. I have in mind a system that will be based upon a society as a whole. In the next few lines, you will understand why this system is so radically different. The whole system works to feed the Economy through War Booty/War Loot. A society which can implement this system would raid neighbouring societies/ethnic groups/nationalities/tribes/communities. They would take everything, from Slippers to Televisions, and Slaves too, but they will leave behind a part of the raided population even if they decide to kill some people. The Booty would also help them to feed themselves.

Creation and Organisation

Such an Economic System cannot be created in just any society. The kind of Society which can make optimum use of the said System should be living tough Environmental conditions and have a History of War and Invasions. The Society should also be organised into different Tribes and Clans. They should preferably be living on land which cannot give large harvests. They should have neighbours who are the opposite of them(in terms of toughness/battle readiness) and they(the neighbours) should be greater in number. For the Creation of such an economic system, a person needs to be bring such a social entity together under his/her control and make sure the division of power is just and precise. The Creation of new divisions should be made possible.

Trade and Commerce

Whatever Booty would be collected has to be either kept for the people’s own use or has to be sold. Such a Society should maintain good relations with certain neighbours through whom they can trade and involve themselves in commercial activities. Businesses can also operate to better distribute the obtained products among the population and provide more jobs.

The Advantages of this System

The Greatest Advantage of this system is that a Society which uses this system would not have to work as hard as other ones. The people would be, of course richer. Almost all goods, from foodstuffs to Fake nails, would be available. Foreign technologies would be easier to obtain. Also, this society would have more incentives to expand as everyone engaged in the workings of such a Society would know that Expansion would bring more money and more raiding Capacity.

Cons

Obviously, such a System seems to be extremely Violent as one people are subdued, persecuted and looted(even though they are allowed to be free on their own.). This system has a risk of igniting greater conflicts, inviting the wrath of World Superpowers. Moreover, it can also lead to the Annihilation of the User Population.

From a Military Point Of View

This system cannot work with an extremely large population or even an area with a very high Population density. So, there has to be great participation from a well equipped and trained small population. Thus such a Society would be highly militarised. The People also must have the Zeal to attack and Loot. Such a Society must know how to Arm itself properly and produce it’s own weaponry. The Militias/Military should be quick and well organised to reduce chances of being attacked on enemy territory by larger forces, when returning from a raid.

Thanks a lot for Reading and Please do give me your feedback!

Police have not confirmed any names missing, killed or injured.

This is the missing after the terrorist attack on Friday 22, July:

• Hanne Kristine Fridtun (20) from Stryn. Leader of the Labour Youth Jersey
• Tarald Mjelde (18) from Osterøy, Hordaland
• Simon Sæbø (18) from Salang, Troms

• Jamil Rafal Yasin (20) from Egersund, Rogaland

Missing yet to be named:

• Boy (18) from Lyngdal, Vest-Agder
• Boy (18) from Kristiansand, Vest-Agder
• A woman from Hadeland, England.
• One person from Bærum, Akershus
• Two people from More og Romsdal
• Eight people from Trøndelag
• Five people from Østfold
• Two people from Rogaland

Directorate of Police urges anyone who misses someone in connection with the events in Oslo or at Utøya to contact the police relatives 815 02 800

Saturday evening, met a sea of ​​people in the city center to light candles for those killed in the terrorist attack 22 July.

Photo: Morten Holm / ScanpixMissing AUF leader found dead

The leader of AUF Hordaland, Tore Eikeland was missing, and was confirmed dead on Sunday morning. In providing the service in Oslo Cathedral recalled Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg, the murdered 21-year-old from Osterøy:

- Tore Eikeland was one of our most talented young politicians. I remember that he got the whole Assembly to cheer when he was a dedicated post on the EU postal directive, and won.

- Now he’s dead and gone forever. It is not to fathom, said a tearful Stoltenberg.

He recalled the Monica Bosei, who led the camp activities on Utøya.

Bosei from Hole in Buskerud had worked for 20 years and was a good friend of Prime Minister. Friday, she was a victim of the cold-blooded massacre that took place on the island.

- She is dead, shot and killed while she created the confidence and joy of youth from all over the country. It is so unfair, Stoltenberg said in a strong personal voice. 

92 killed

In total, 92 are confirmed dead after the shooting on Utøya and terrorist bomb in Oslo.

Oslo police and Buskerud Police are working together to provide an overview of missing persons. They will not yet go out with exact numbers of missing,

- We must pay attention to the relatives. The figures must be quality assured so that we are confident that the information is correct, and that the missing were actually on Utøya Friday afternoon, explains press officer in the Oslo police, Henning Holtås.

The names of the deceased will be published as soon as they are and their relatives are notified, said Oslo police said in a statement. 

Applicants with a mini submarine

Police and search crews have combed the Utøya for missing persons.Early Sunday morning, it was made search with the mini-submarine in Tyrifjorden by Utøya, without any of the missing were found.

- Search the ROV continues throughout Sunday. This is an operation that has been going non-stop since Friday’s events, informs Holtås.

Sunday morning, it looks also still searching for missing persons in the ministries. Holtås says police describes this work as very difficult.

- There is enormous damage to buildings. There is always smaller landslides in the area, and the police must also ensure the safety of the crew who are looking for.

Ga signs of life Friday evening

County leader of the AUF in Sogn og Fjordane, Hanne Kristine Fridtun (20), is Sunday afternoon is still missing after fire drama at Utøya .

No one has been in contact with Fridtun since about 18:30 pm Friday night. NRK had contact with Fridtun by phone at about 18.00.

Fridtun dared not speak loudly on the phone, and had hidden on the beach along with 20 other young people on the island.

- We are 20 pieces that have kept us down in the water’s edge. We have heard the shooting, said Fridtun to NRK on Friday.

It was the flag at half mast on Utøya after the shooting.

Foto: Kim Erlandsen / NRK

NRK journalist Silje Kristin Guddal says Fridtun should have sent a text message shortly after the call, but that it should ha been the last anyone has heard from her.

She was elected county leader for Sogn og Fjordane AUF in February this year. This year’s summer camp on Utøya was the first for the new leader.

“I hope and pray”

It is also posted missing message Tore Eikeland (21) on Osterøy municipality’s website . Eikeland is the leader in Hordaland AUF.

Further one person is missing from the island municipality. This is 18 years old Tarald Mjelde, who is vice chairman of the AUF in Hordaland.

“We hope and pray that the youth should come prepared to live,” the municipality on the website. ”

Two of Labour Youth League county leaders are among the missing after the shooting on Utøya. The police said that four to five people still missing.

Foto: Kim Erlandsen

- We have posted the names of the two missing youths in consultation with parents, says the mayor of Osterøy municipality, Kari Aakre Foseid to NRK.

- We are a small municipality, and speculation quickly. We will highlight what we know, the people know. We will not keep it hidden, Aakre said.

The family of the missing is now in Oslo.

- They’re terrible. But when I talked to them earlier in the day, they tried to still live in hope, says the mayor.

- These are guys I know who is insanely talented and clever. They take responsibility in all relationships and represents the good we have in society, says Aakre to NRK.no.

- I sincerely hope we get them back, says Aakre.

18-year-old from Salang missing

Another who is missing after Friday’s shooting is the 18-year-old leader from the Salang AUF, Simon Sæbø.

It says operations manager at Mid-Hålogaland police, Lisbeth Oddveig Hansen, the Northern Lights .

- We have not yet received any information regarding the missing, says Hansen.

- Like it very much is happening in connection with the identification work, so it may take time before we get the final answer, she continued.

The fact that Simon Sæbø still missing was officially confirmed at a briefing on Sjøvegan high school Saturday morning, writes Salangen news .

Sheriff His Roar Rasmussen says that Sæbø family has gone to and arrived Sundvollen hotels in Buskerud.

This site is created as a reception center for families after the tragedy at Utøya.

Dog Patrols searched last night on Utøya and Tyrifjord.

Missing 20-year-old from Egersund

Egersund local printer on their website that 20-year-old Jamil Rafal Yasin went missing after shooting at Utøya Friday.

All other participants of the camp from the valleys is accounted for, according to the municipality, as Saturday the flag at half mast.

On the website it says that the city is marked by what has happened, and that representatives from the municipality, together with their families on their way to Oslo.

Thurs missing from Vest-Agder

County Secretary Audun Øvrebø in Vest-Agder Labor says to NRK that there are two boys aged 18 from West College AUF is missing after the tragedy at Utøya.

- Two boys are still unresolved situations, and are thus missing, says Øvrebø to NRK.no Sunday morning.

One of the boys are from Lyngdal, while the other comes from Kristiansand.

There were a total of 13 participants from the Western College of AUF-camp on Utøya.

- We are waiting for information about the situations of the two that we have not heard anything about, say Øvrebø.

Trøndelag miss eight

In Trøndelag, there are now eight people who are not accounted for. In Nord-Trøndelag is three people missing. The three are from Namsos and Levanger, Trondheim, said the County on its website.

In addition, police in South-Trøndelag that five people are missing from the county. They will not go out to where these people dwell.

A woman from Hadeland in England has not given signs of life since the shooting Friday night.

The woman volunteered for Norwegian People’s Aid in Utøya along with seven other first aid personnel. The seven others were evacuated and are physically unharmed.

- The woman has not been accounted for since the incident Friday. We do not know if she lives or is dead, says Erlend Aarsæther of the Norwegian People’s Aid.

Six missing from Østfold

Aps county leader in Østfold, Signe Øye, says to NRK that six people from Østfold AUF is missing after shooting at Utøya.

There were a total of 48 young people from Østfold, who attended the AUF-camp on Utøya when shooting tragedy took place.

- I can confirm that the number of missing now is six people. Given that during a devotional in Ekholt church tonight was said that one of the missing are from Moss Regional AUF, I can also confirm this, saying Østfold Labour Party leader Signe Øye to nrk.no.

Karl Heinrich Marx (born in Trier, Germany, May 5, 1818 – died in London, March 14, 1883 at age 64 years) was a philosopher, political economist and social theories of Prussia. Although Marx wrote about many things during his lifetime, he is most famous for his analysis of history, especially about class conflict, which can be summarized as “The history of various societies today is basically the history of class struggle”, as it is written in the opening sentence ofCommunist Manifesto. He was a major pioneer of the idea of ​​”scientific socialism”, his father a lawyer and at the age of seventeen years of Karl entered the University of Bonn also studied law. Later he moved to the University of Berlin and then to a doctorate in philosophy from the University of Jena. Marx plunged into the world of journalism and soon became editor of the Rheinische Zeitung in Cologne. But the radical political views dragged him into all manner of trouble and forced him to move to Paris.

In Paris he met the primary contact with Friedrich Engels. Friendship and equality rope binding political views of these two men as a single bi until his death. But Marx could not long stay in Paris and was soon kicked out of there and must be carrying a suitcase to move to Brussels. In this city, in 1847 he first published his thoughts are important and the poverty of philosophy (philosophy of Poverty). The following year joined hands together with Friedrich Engels published their Communist Manifesto, a book that eventually became the world’s literature. In that year, Marx returned to Cologne and then expelled again from there only a few months. After it dissipated dissipated here, finally crossing the Strait of Marx Canal and settled in London until his death.

Although there is little money in koceknya thanks to the journalistic work, Marx spent a large amount of his time in London to investigate and write books about politics and economics. (In those years, Marx and relatives can help the cost of living of her closest friend Friedrich Engels). The first volume of Das Kapital, Marx’s most important scientific papers published in 1867. When Marx died in 1883, the second volume of the connections have not been fully completed. Both volumes were compiled and published joints oIeh Engels hold on to his notes and manuscripts left by Marx. The work of Marx formulated the theoretical basis of Communism. Judging from the remarkable developments of this movement in the 20th century. The main factor for this decision is the calculation of long-term significance in the history of the Communists. Since the growth of Communism as an integral part of contemporary history, was a bit difficult to define carefully its future perspectives. Although no one could ascertain how much Communism can grow and how long this ideology could survive, which is certain he is a strong ideology rooted in a strong and resilient and plunged to earth, and has certainly had a major influence in the world for at least several centuries to come.

At present, about a century after Marx’s death, the number of people who at least influenced by Marxism is approaching 1.3 billion number. The number of adherents is greater than the number of adherents of any ideology in human history. Not just the absolute numbers, but also as a group of the whole world population. This resulted in the Communists, and also some non-Communists, believed that in the future can not help but Marxism will triumph throughout the world. However, it is difficult to establish the truth in the belief that no bergoyah.There have been many examples of the ideology that seems so have an important influence in his time but eventually wither and disappear. (The religion founded by Mani could be an interesting example). If we retroactively to 1900, would seem clear that constitutional democracy is the current that would be a fad of the future. Hold on to hope, it seems that way, but now no more people who believe everything has happened as the original image.

Communism today focuses on four ideas: (1) A few small wealthy people live in luxury are abundant, while the workers are very numerous lives wallowing in misery papa. (2) How to dismantle this injustice is by implement a socialist system, a system where the means of production controlled by the state rather than by a private individual. (3) In general, only the most practical way to implement the socialist system is through violent revolution. (4) To maintain the continuity of the socialist system should be governed by a dictatorship of the Communist party within a reasonable time. Three of the first idea has been articulated clearly before Marx. While the fourth idea comes from Marx’s notion of the “dictatorship of the proletariat.” Meanwhile, the length of validity period of the Soviet dictatorship is now more a result of the steps of Lenin and Stalin than the ideas of Marx. This seems to lead to the assumption that the influence of Marx in Communism is smaller than the actual reality, and respect people of his writings, more like just etalasi to justify the nature of “scholarship” rather than ideas and politics that have been implemented and accepted.

Often accused person that the Marxist theory in economics is very bad and a lot wrong. Of course, many specific allegations proved Marx wrong. For example, Marx predicted that the capitalist countries the workers will be more protracted in the course of the time. Clearly, this prediction is not proven. Marx also takes into account that the medium will be wiped away and most people will get into the proletarian class and only a few can rise up and enter the capitalist class. It was certainly never proven. Marx also seems to believe, the increasing mechanization will reduce the profits of the capitalists, the trust is not only wrong but it also looks stupid. But, regardless of whether economic theory is right or wrong, it does not have anything to do with the influence of Marx. The importance of a philosopher lies not in his opinion but the truth lies in the issue of whether his ideas have mobilized people to act or not. Measured from this angle, no doubt Karl Marx had a great sense of tremendous importance.

Rosa Luxemburg’s objections about WWI arose from an excellent understanding of the Great War. Her first objection states WWI was an imperialist venture leading to annihilation. As a socialist, she did not believe the propaganda of a defensive war espousing feverish nationalism, but championed international worker unity to prevent destruction. Luxemburg recognized imperialism was the forerunner of capitalism. Thus her second objection states WWI is about mature capitalist countries competing for “world domination and exploiting remain zones of the world that are not yet capitalistic.” Her third objection states war time production of essentials such as arms, food and clothes would make large businesses thrive. Her fourth objection states proletarian slavery to the bourgeoisie is evident because they support the war. She was aggravated that the working classes and even many socialists succumbed to the bourgeoisie’s ploy of a defensive war instead of staying truthful to Marxist doctrine. Her fifth objection states victory or defeat is meaningless to the working classes because gains or losses are measured in annexations, colonies and military predominance which do not serve working class aspirations but imperial cravings. She deduced the onslaught of war as catastrophic for all working classes because of the deaths and crippling of millions and post war economic hardships.

Luxemburg objected to the war based consequences that were likely to happen. The first consequence she saw was WWI would end not in a decisive military victory but because of mutual exhaustion. The second consequence she saw was WWI would lead to economic ruin of all belligerents and neutral nations. She foresaw that the victorious states could not expect reparations to immediately heal the wounds inflicted by the war, because she knew the economic regression of the losers would seriously affect the victors’ economy because of interdependence. The third consequence she predicted had two scenarios. The first is if the central powers were victorious, Germany would acquire some useless territories ravaged by war.  These would include Belgium, French colonies, Turkey and Middle Eastern provinces. The Habsburg monarchy would continue with additional lands. She predicted a second world war would begin under English leadership to throw off German hegemony and a “feverish arms race” would commence after WWII. The second scenario is an Anglo-French victory would lead to Germany losing her colonies and Alsace-Lorraine. Austria-Hungary would be partitioned and the Ottoman Empire would be liquidated. Also, the Balkan, Persian and Chinese people would be subject to Russia, England, France and Italy. An allied victory would force Germany to spearhead WWII and a post war arms race. The fourth consequence she saw was the capitalist world order would cease to promote societal progress. The fifth consequence she saw was capitalism could continue only with military hegemony, imperialism, secret alliances and multinational states.

Luxemburg had an uncanny method of predicting the future, most of which turned out to be correct. Her first prediction about WWI ending in mutual exhaustion was correct because opponents eliminated each other in a war of attrition. Her second prediction about economic ruin for all was correct. The British lost considerable investment in shipping because of unrestricted submarine warfare and went through debilitating crises. France was the battleground reducing French infrastructure and economy to rubble. Russia suffered terribly from economic crises because of scorched-earth policy, terrible defeats by the German army and the communist revolution. Germany dipped into severe inflation and crises in the post war years. The failure of large Austrian banks spelled the doom of the once mighty Habsburg and German Empires. Luxemburg’s third prediction of the first scenario predicting a German victory was wrong. Her second scenario was very accurate regarding the victory of the allied powers, the end of Habsburg and German imperial domination, the presence of the allied powers in the Balkans and the occupation of Germany’s Shandong province in China. Most astounding about her predictions was WWII would be started by the loser of WWI, which in this case was Germany. What is still amazing is Luxemburg’s prediction of new alliances in Europe post World War I. Some of these new alliances included Germany allied with U.S.S.R. and Japan, which historically were not considered feasible. Moreover her prediction of a “feverish arms race” in the world also came true between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. during the cold war. Her fifth prediction about capitalism collapsing was wrong because capitalism survived WWI, the Great Depression, WWII and the cold war and is still the leading economic principle of many nations. Her sixth prediction about capitalism surviving because of military hegemony and imperialism is incorrect. National capitalism has transformed into transnational capitalism where the latter is not subject to the state, eliminating the need for military support and imperialist ventures.

Rosa Luxemburg was viewed as a traitor because her opinions did not match the emotional jubilation of the public. However, her concerns for the working classes and accurate predictions convince me otherwise. I believe she was a brilliant and intuitive woman. She objected the war because she knew not even the victors would gain anything they were expecting. She analyzed that military victories would not bring immediate recovery as expected because of the interdependence of European economies. Her analysis of WWI as not a decisive war of gain, but mutually assured destruction was accurate. European investment, infrastructure, industry, society and people were marred beyond recognition.  Furthermore, she was correct by saying the working classes were dying unnecessarily for this destructive war. World War I recorded the most number of military and civilian deaths ever recorded in history. The people who died were not big capitalists, but poor wage workers emotionally charged by nationalism. Her prediction about the certainty of another war initiated by the loser was remarkably accurate. Rosa Luxemburg is certainly not a traitor. Though I disagree with her misgivings about capitalism and the greatness of socialism, her assessment about the nature of WWI makes her a great visionary. Though hindsight is not fully accurate, if Germany’s working classes listened to her predictions of the consequences of WWI leaving aside her firebrand version of Marxian Socialism, they would not have suffered as much.

Works Cited

Luxemburg, Rosa. “The War and the Workers.” Internet Modern History Sourcebook. 22 November 2008. http://h-net.org/~german/gtext/kaiserreich/lux.html