Austrian imperial crown, the largest cut emerald in Habsburgs’ Palace (Vienna) is the last treasure of Holy Roman Empire in the world. Napoleon of French abandoned his invasion to England in summer and started to proclaim the Austrian Empire in August 1804. The great interest of Napoleon and his son on Austria is to get the last treasure of Holy Roman Empire, the imperial crown. French start invasion to Austria with 200,000 troops while Austrian General prepared fortress of Ulm in Bavaria to prevent Napoleon threat.

The secrecy behind the royal treasury of Austria seen much complicated during that time, the crown was the personal belonging of King Rudolf II where the king of Austria was secretly decided to duplicate the crown with one of the famous illusionist in Austria. The duplicated crown was made of pure gold, partially studded with diamonds, rubies, sapphires and pearls. It was decorated with eight diamonds same as real one but the size of the octagonal body of the crown is two centimeters smaller than the real crown.         

Napoleon gain greatest victories over Austria in Battle of Austerlitz. Due to casualties, Austria made peace agreement in Pressburg and pay a war indemnity of 40 million francs to Napoleon. Russian withdrawal to east while Napoleon camp in southern Germany and established confederation.  Napoleon claimed the crown of Austria but Austria royal treasury deals French only with duplicated crown of King Rudolf as a friction of the day.

Population:  12 million

Paris is the capital and largest city of France and one of the largest urban areas in Europe. It sits on the Siena River. It had been the largest city in the Western world for about 1,000 years, prior to the 19th century, and the largest in the entire world between the 16th and 19th centuries.

 Paris is a global city and is one of the world’s leading business and culture centers and exerts strong influence in global politics, education, entertainment, media, fashion, science and the arts and is especially influential in the fashion industry. All of this makes Paris an important center for the global economy.  It is also considered one of the greenest and most livable cities in Europe in addition to being one of world’s most expensive cities.

 The city is a level three “command center” for the global economy and produces more than a quarter of the gross domestic product for France and is the Paris metropolitan area GDP trails only Tokyo, New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago and London as the largest urban area GDP.  Attracting about 42 million tourists annually makes Paris the most visited city in the world.

 The earliest archaeological signs of permanent settlements in the Paris area date from around 4200 BC. It became part of the Roman Empire in 52 BC and expanded greatly over the following centuries, becoming a prosperous city with a forum, palaces, baths, temples, theatres, and an amphitheater. After the collapse of the Roman Empire and the Germanic invasions in the 5th Century the city slipped into a period of decline. In the 9th Century it was invaded by Vikings, who sacked and plundered the city. The city was hit by Black Death in 1348, killing as many as 40,000 and then in 1466 it was hit by the Great Plague which killed about the same number. After temporarily losing its position as capital as France, it regained that status in 1528. In March 1814 the city was occupied by Russian, British and German forces after Napoleon’s defeat. Cholera later hit the city in 1832, claiming 20,000 lives. During the Industrial Revolution Paris thrived and entered a period of rapid development. The Eiffel Tower opened and would remain the world’s tallest building until 1930. The Paris Metro opened in 1900.  Although Paris escaped invasion by Germany during World War I, the Germans succeeded in World War II and for four years, the city was occupied by Germany. It was liberated in August 1944 by American forces. During the late 1900’s and early 2000’s Paris underwent a major building boom, adding many skyscrapers to its downtown area.

Official language: German, French, Italian

Land area: 15,940 sq mi/41,284 sq km

Population:  7,748,000

Dominant religion: Christianity

Capital: Bern

Switzerland is a small, mountainous country in west-central Europe. It is bordered by Germany to the north, Austria to the east, Italy to the south and France to the west. The Alps and the Jura mountains cover more than half the country’s landscape.

 The people of Switzerland are divided by the country’s four national languages – French, German, Italian and Romansh. The German-speaking group comprises roughly 70 percent of the population and live in the northern, eastern and central parts of the country. French is spoken by about 20 percent of the population. Most of the French-speakers live in the western part. About 7 percent of the population speaks Italian. Most of the these people reside in the south. Romansh is spoken mostly by people living in the mountain valleys in the southeastern part of the country.

 Switzerland is very industrialized and its citizens enjoy one of the world’s highest standards of living. It is one of the world’s major banking and financial hubs. Many of the world’s wealthy open bank accounts with Swiss banks and enjoy high returns. Many Swiss products, especially its watches and automobiles, are world-renown. Switzerland is also major tourist destination. The Alps draws thousands of skiers every winter. Many international organizations, including the International Committee of the Red Cross, have their headquarters in Switzerland.

 Switzerland had been part of the Holy Roman Empire but in the 1200’s the Hapsburg Empire took possession of nearly the entire country. The Swiss drove the Hapsburgs out but would continue to fight frequent wars with the empire until the 1500’s. During the French Revolution, the French gained control of the country. After Napoleon was defeated in 1815 Switzerland adopted neutrality and has not fought another war since. Even during World War I and World War II it was an oasis of peace while the rest of Europe was engulfed in war. After World War II it was even reluctant to join the United Nations for fear that it would be expected to provide troops in military situations. Nevertheless the country has provided troops in some UN peacekeeping missions.

Official language: Swedish

Land area: 173,732 sq mi/449,964 sq km

Population:  9,446,000

Dominant religion: Christianity

Capital: Stockholm

Current leader: Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt

Sweden is a country in northern Europe. It shares the Scandinavian Peninsula with Norway, which borders the country to the north. Further north on the Peninsula, Sweden is bordered by Finland. A significant portion of northern Sweden lies within the Arctic Circle and at the height of summer the sun never sets in this part of the country. During the height of winter there is continuous dark.

 Ethnic Swedes make up a great majority of the population of Sweden. There is also a significant number of people from Denmark, Finland and Norway. Like the people of Denmark and Norway, Swedes are Scandinavians. Most of Sweden’s population lives in the southern portion of the country while the north, which gets bitterly cold during the winter, is very sparsely-populated. Sweden itself is one of the world’s most sparsely-populated countries. Nevertheless, the people of Sweden enjoy one of the world’s highest standards of living.

 Sweden is highly industrialized and is one of Europe’s most economically wealthiest countries. Its industries produce agricultural machinery, aircraft and ships. It is also one of the leading automobile producers. Volvo is one of the world’s top carmakers.

 Swedish Vikings were among the world’s earliest explorers and even ruled parts of Russia at one time. In 1397 Sweden united with Norway and Denmark but in 1523 Sweden broke away from the union.  Throughout much of the 1500’s the country fought wars with Denmark, Poland and Russia and gained control of Finland in the mid-1600’s. In the 1800’s it joined the fight against Napoleon and lost Finland to Russia but gained Norway from Denmark. In 1905 Norway broke away and declared independence. Sweden remained neutral in World War I and again in World War II although it allowed Germany to use its territory to invade Norway. It took a neutral stance during the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union.

14. As Napoleon I, he was Emperor of the French from 1804 to 1815.

13. Napoleon is considered to have been a military genius, and is known for commanding many successful campaigns but also known for some spectacular failures.

12. He was born Napoleone di Buonaparte and his parents called him Nabulio.

11. The great Napoleon Bonaparte could have won the Battle of Waterloo by attacking earlier in the day, but Napoleon Bonaparte delayed his attack because he suffered greatly from hemorrhoid pain that morning.

10. Over the course of little more than a decade, he acquired control of most or all of the western and central mainland of Europe by conquest or alliance until his defeat at the Battle of the Nations near Leipzig in October 1813.

9. Napoleon Bonaparte was born on August 15,1769 in Ajaccio, Corsica.

8. His legal reform, the Napoleonic Code, has been a major influence on many civil law jurisdictions worldwide.

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7. In the first decade of the 19th century, the French Empire under Napoleon engaged in a series of conflicts—the Napoleonic Wars—involving every major European power.

6. The Napoleonic Code is the French civil code (established under Napoléon I in 1804) that forbade privileges based on birth, allowed freedom of religion, and specified that government jobs go to the most qualified.

5. Napoleon’s campaigns are studied at military academies throughout much of the world.

4. Napoleon married Joséphine de Beauharnais in 1796, when he was 26; she was a 32-year-old widow whose first husband had been executed during the Revolution.

3. He never believed in a living God but he pragmatically considered organised religions as key elements of social order, especially Catholicism, whose, according to him, “splendorous ceremonies and sublime moral better act over the imagination of the people than other religions”.

2. During his reign of more than a decade, Napoleon at times controlled most of Europe, was defeated and exiled, escaped, reclaimed his title, met his final military defeat at Waterloo, and was exiled again to the Atlantic Ocean island of St. Helena.

1. Bonaparte died May 5,1821 on St. Helena Island.

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George Orwell, in his beast fable Animal Farm portrays the conversion of an agrarian based society to a totalitarianistic dystopia through the manipulation of animals. An example of this conversion is when Napoleon begins to abuse Boxer physically and mentally. With the help of Napoleon and Squealer , Boxer expunged all forms of self reasoning and lived his life based on the wants and needs of the pigs, helping them achieve power and corrupt themselves. The dogs were a big part of Napoleon’s rise to power. Born and raised by Napoleon himself, they were manipulated to terrorize all animals who stood in the pigs way through brutality. Lastly, the sheep play a very important role on the effect Napoleon had on the other animals. Through loud, obnoxious, and repetitive chants, the sheep distracted all animals from problems and silenced them. They also spread Napoleon message in a method that was remembered by all animals and could not be argued with. Through his exploitation of animals and corrupt ways, Napoleon managed to create a utopia for himself causing a dystopia for all others.

Boxer is the muscle and spirit that drives Animal Farm. For his lack of intelligence and robust physique, he suffers massive mental and physical abuse from the pigs and himself. He is manipulated to work harder then the others and is rewarded with a tragic butchery. He has no understanding of government, nor can he formulate an opinion, therefore he solely does and thinks whatever Napoleon tells him to. An example of Boxer’s dearth of self reason is “ His two slogans ‘I will work harder’ and ‘Napoleon is always right’ seemed to him a sufficient answer to all problems”(75). Orwell shows that Boxer has no opinion and does not put an effort to formulate his own thoughts, but instead accepts anything Napoleon says. Boxer worked days and nights, always acknowledging his slogans, until he had an accident that renders his muscles useless. In the words of Benjamin, “Do you understand what that means? They are taking boxer to the knackers!”(123).After all of Boxer’s strenuous work and determination he is eventually killed, and sold to the glue factory in return for whisky. While Boxer worked to occupy himself, he drastically helped the industrialization of the farm, which provided Napoleon power. After his service had been done, he had not only given the pigs the power to use a windmill, but he also unintentionally provided them with whisky. All in all, Boxer’s hard work only assisted the pigs in establishing a more totalitarianistic society, and accommodated them with alcohol which augmented their corrupt ways.

The dogs are the most feared animals on Animal Farm. They were raised by Napoleon himself and used as his personal band of bodyguards. Since following Napoleon’s orders was their only purpose in life they did his dirty work and persuaded animals to agree with Napoleon through fear and brutality. As Orwell says, “…they were puppies whom Napoleon had taken away from their mother and rear privately… they kept close to Napoleon and wagged their tails the same way other dogs did towards Mr.Jones (68). Not only does the present the dogs’s separation from their mother, but it also presents the fact that they treat Napoleon as their master, therefore all animals are not equal. The dogs are oblivious to The Commandments and morals as Orwell writes, “he uttered a high pitched whimper. Immediately the dogs bounded forward, seized four of the pigs by the ear, and dragged them, squealing with pain and terror to Napoleon’s feet” (92). These actions described by the dogs show they truly are minions of Napoleon and will do anything to keep him in power. Overall, the dogs have no positive effect on the Animal Farm and only help Napoleon lead his totalitarianistic campaign of terror.

The sheep are a propagandist force that advocate corruption, misunderstanding, and manipulation throughout Animal Farm. They use simple, loud, and repetitious chants to silence the animals from speaking out against Napoleon. The sheep also diverted attention from Snowball’s speeches as Orwell points out, “ It was noticed they were especially liable to break into ‘ Four legs good, two legs bad’ at crucial moments in Snowball’s speeches (65). This type of outbreak increases Napoleon’s control over the animals support because they can not gain enough information to support Snowball, or even remember what he had to say. A turning point in Animal Farm exposed itself when the sheep use their modified chant, as depicted by Orwell when he says, “’Four legs good, two legs better!’ It went on for five minutes without stopping. And by the time the sheep quieted down, the chance to utter a protest had passed” (133). Not only does this quote show how the sheep were used as crowd silencers, but it also portrays Napoleon’s manipulative powers, as he was able to change the chant and receive no protest. The sheep act as the pigs one-way messengers and prevent protest which assists Napoleon to his progression towards a totalitarianistic society.

Animal Farm is truly a tragedy due to the malevolent and greedy events that undertook. Through hard labor, fear, brutality, propaganda, and manipulation, Napoleon was able to demolish a agrarian based Utopia and fabricate an industrial dystopia. Having an un-intelligent and absent minded population under his control, he was able to achieve his personal Utopia with little protest and obstruction from his goal. Having achieved his objective, Napoleon become the figure he once set out to destroy, only this time around he was living in a Utopia, while all others lived in a dystopia once more.

While most believe that the British won and the United States lost, there is even debate between each side. Each side has its own argument to why they believe that side won the war. Although, it looks like a draw victory, the British did have more achievements and was better organized.

                The British won due to the fact that they stood true to their objectives. There were 11,300 killed, wounded, or missing in action on the American side, while British deaths were of much smaller number: 8,600. This is one of the reasons why the British made it seem that they did better than the Americans. The British had a much more disciplined army. The Americans were more organized. The soldiers didn’t want more hardships. Instead of beatings, United State soldiers were rather convinced and rewarded for good service, which motivated them toward winning. Also, Britain seems to have won because it looks like they were more organized. Also, they were fighting the Napoleon War at that time, and it required pushing even more resources out of Britain. Americans, however, didn’t do as well on their objectives, and wanted to sign a peace treaty instead. The British were forced to give up all the land gains they had made during the war. The Americans also had to give up some land, but it was not as big as what Britain had to forfeit. The Americans were also granted fishing rights in the St. Lawrence River, which had previously been solely British, but instead lost the right to place warships in the great lakes. This is why it looks like a British victory, as they achieved what they wanted, so later in the future it would be easier for them to conquer the Americans if needed. Even though the war looked like a draw, it was tilted more into Britain’s favor. 

Siddhartha, who renounced his kingship for the sake of searching eternal truth, was courageous.  Christ was courageous to criticize priests and rulers even though he was aware of future torturing. Mohammed was brave to withstand the ridicules for establishing truth. Gandhi, who kept non-violence even at the offenses at him, was brave. The soldier in the sinking ship, ‘Formidable’, who passed his lot to save an unknown fellow soldier was heroic. Real valiance was that of Darwin, Galileo, Bruno, Faraday and all such great men who sacrificed their lives for others sake; not that of offenders lifting up the bloody sword under the command of some politicians. Even after millenniums how many people could achieve the courage of Socrates, who drank poison obeying the law of the land? Truly brave people do not create problems but solve those created by cowards. So, what is the solution for the problems of mankind? Is it not making people really brave through knowledge? Why? Ignorance is the cause of cowardice, although some times it is a blessing, an adaptation to save life.

But, don’t run for life, leaving your friend behind!

Napoleon escaped from Elba in 1815 and returned to France. He was welcomed enthusiastically by the French people. For a short period known as the “Hundred Days,” Napoleon again became France’s leader. He quickly gathered a new army, and France’s enemies again declared war.

Napoleon was defeated at the great battle of Waterloo by the British and Prussian armies. Napoleon escaped capture but later gave himself up to the British. This time he was sent to the desolate island of St. Helena, located in the Atlantic Ocean midway between Africa and South America.

Napoleon died there six years later. He was buried on the island, but his body was taken to Paris in 1840 to be entombed in the Hotel des Invalides, a hospital for disabled soldiers that is now a military museum.

In a series of brilliant military campaigns, French armies under Napoleon conquered almost all of the European continent. In 1812, Napoleon set out to invade Russia with 500,000 soldiers, the largest army ever formed in Europe. As the Russian army retreated, they destroyed all the food in the countryside as they went, so the French forces would have nothing to eat.

The Russians knew that winter was coming and the weather would soon be very cold. When Napoleon reached Moscow, the capital of Russia, the snow had begun to fall. Napoleon found Moscow in flames and almost empty. His troops, finding no shelter or food, were forced to begin the terrible journey home in the freezing cold Russian winter. Fewer than 100,000 of them reached France.