Oxygen toxicity, oxygen toxicity occurs in most people when the partial pressure of oxygen at 1.4 atmospheres, equivalent to just over 187 feet (57 meters) deep breathing in the air.  Although oxygen toxicity can occur rarely in a hyperbaric oxygen chamber, the diver insufficient levels of oxygen in the deep dives are most vulnerable.

Symptoms include tingling, focal seizures (facial tics as members, lips or one-sided), dizziness, nausea and vomiting, and poor vision.  About 10% of people have seizures or blackouts, which usually results in drowning.  To avoid the toxicity of oxygen in deep dives, specialty gas mixtures and special training is required.

nitrogen narcosis, nitrogen narcosis (anesthesia) is caused by high nitrogen partial pressure and the symptoms are similar to alcohol intoxication.  The statement shows very poor, and are often disoriented and euphoric.  Can fail to surface in time or even to think about going swimming on the surface.  This effect is less marked 100 feet (30 meters) in some divers breathing compressed air and defuse the normal 300 feet (90 meters).

To reduce these effects, the divers have to dive to great depths often breathe a special mixture of gases instead of normal air.  low concentrations of oxygen is used, diluted with helium or hydrogen instead of nitrogen because the hydrogen and helium do not produce general anesthesia.  But the substitution of helium for nitrogen increases the risk of high pressure neurological syndrome.
Accumulation of carbon dioxide: An accumulation of carbon dioxide in the blood is a sign of the body to breathe.  The divers, including snorkel, which hold their breath instead of breathing gear, often hard breathing (hyperventilation) before immersion, breathing large amounts of carbon dioxide, but adding oxygen to the blood.  This maneuver allowed to hold their breath and swim under water anymore because of carbon dioxide is low.  However, this maneuver is dangerous, because divers can live without oxygen and lose consciousness before the carbon dioxide reaches a level high enough to signal the need to return to the surface and breathe.  These events are probably responsible for many unexplained drownings in spearfishing competitors and others who hold their breath under water.

Some divers have accumulation of carbon dioxide, because they do not increase their breathing properly during exercise.  Others retain carbon dioxide because the compressed air at depth is denser and requires more effort to move into the airways and airway.  regulator malfunction or contamination of the air supply with expired gases, a suit too tight, and excessive exercise are possible causes.  Symptoms may include headache, difficulty breathing, nausea, vomiting and flushing.  High levels of carbon dioxide can also cause loss of consciousness, increases the likelihood of attack by oxygen toxicity, and reduce the severity of nitrogen narcosis.  Divers often headache after diving or who takes pride in using air at low speed can be carbon dioxide storage.

Carbon monoxide poisoning: Carbon monoxide is a product of combustion.  Carbon monoxide can enter the air from a diver if the inlet valve of the compressor is located away from engine exhaust or oil lubrication in the compressor malfunction becomes hot enough to burn a bit (intermittent), production of carbon monoxide.

Symptoms include nausea, headache, weakness, clumsiness and confusion.  Severe cases can cause convulsions, unconsciousness or coma.  The diagnosis is a blood test.  As time passes, the results are less accurate, so that the test should be done as soon as possible.  diver’s air supply can also be tested for carbon monoxide.

People of oxygen.  High blood levels of oxygen helps remove carbon monoxide in the blood, but not always cause damage to organs to solve.  For people with severe poisoning, some experts recommend treatment with oxygen at high pressure into a high pressure (hyperbaric) chamber, available at some medical centers.  Experts are still discussing the benefits of such treatment.

High pressure neurological syndrome: An unknown series of neurological symptoms can develop when people dive deeply about 600 feet (180 meters), especially when diving is fast, the diver breathes a mixture of helium and oxygen.  Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, tremors, clumsiness, dizziness, fatigue, drowsiness, muscle cramps, abdominal cramps, and confusion.  The syndrome resolves when people rise or fall rate is slower.

The most important chemical elements of the body are carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen. There are others that are important also. Every element is made up of units called atoms, two or more atoms combine to a structure called molecule. Some are made of atoms of only one element and if they combine with another element compounds are formed. Water would be an example of this. Water is the most basic compound in the human body.

There are four other main compounds of the body carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. These compounds are complex structures containing an element of carbon. Each have a job in the body. The bodies carbohydrates provide energy for activities. Proteins perform several jobs such as building cells and important chemical functions. Lipids store extra fuel and as building material for cells. The nucleic acids carry instructions for the traits of the next generation.

A cell the basic unit of life can take in food, get rid of waste, and grow. In the human body there are trillions of cells. Cells are alive. The body replaces cells as they wear out or die. Cells have three main parts. The covering which is skin like called cell membrane. The inside cytoplasm resembles soft jelly. The nucleus inside the cytoplasm referred to as the control center of a cell.

The membrane lets some materials in and keeps others out. Food and oxygen are allowed through the membrane. Wastes are given off and carried away by the blood. Making up most of the cell the cytoplasm filled with organelles or organs of the cell. The mitochondrion is an organelle that changes food to energy so it can be used. The lysosome gets rid of waste.

The nucleus a solid ball in center of cells. The chromosomes the rod like structures are contained in the nucleus. There are 46 sets of chromosomes inherited half from mother and half from father.

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Chromosomes are made up of genes. Genes carry the inherited characteristics of the parents. They carry the genetic code. This code is formed by a chemical substance called DNA. This is the master plan making all living things different.

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Cells not only grow but they reproduce. New cells replace dead cells after they complete the growing process. Cells divide into two cells, two cells into four, four cells into eight so on and on. When a cell divides each daughter cell is exactly like the parent cell.

Cells get food from blood. They covert food to energy called energy metabolism. They also use some food to make new cell materials. Some cells store fat for later use.

The adult body has trillions of cells teeming with activity. They are all different. Yet share some traits like basic structure and characteristics parts. The cells are life’s building blocks. Many kinds of different cells make up the human body in different sizes and shapes. Each cell has a special form that makes it fit for the special job it has to perform.

Layers of the atmosphere via Wikipedia

Oxygen making up 21 percent of the air we breathe the right proportion, much oxygen becomes toxic if breathed too long, if there were too much oxygen in the atmosphere combustible materials would become highly flammable, fires would easily burst forth and would be difficult to control.

Other of these gases is Nitrogen, making up 78 percent of the air we breathe. Oxygen is diluted with Nitrogen, but Nitrogen is much more that just a dilutant, during thunderstorms and lightning causes some Nitrogen to combine with oxygen, the compounds produced are carried to the Earth by rain, and plants make use of them as fertilizer.

Other of those gases that our atmosphere contains is Carbon Dioxide, makes up less than one percent. Without it, plant life would die, plants need to take in, giving off Oxygen in return. A decreasing percentage of Carbon Dioxide could not support plant life, an increase percentage of carbon Dioxide in the atmosphere would to be harmful to humans and animals, that small amount of less than one percent of Carbon Dioxide in the atmosphere is that plants and animals need to exist.

In addition the atmosphere shields the Earth from bombardment by meteors. Most meteors never reach the ground because they burn up in their descent through the atmosphere. Our atmosphere serves as a protective shell, a thin layer of Ozone gas filters out harmful radiation from the sun, about 15 miles above the ground. Without this Ozone layer, such radiation could destroy life on Earth. In conclusion the atmosphere is of great importance to protect our existence in our planet Earth.

     If you are one of those people who think there is no other life in the galaxy just because we haven’t found any yet, I have something to ask you. There are Trillions, Billions, Quadrillions of Star Systems out there, and only ONE has life on it? If your answer is yes, then that is about the equivalent of painting a painting several grains of sand, tossing it in the dessert, letting the wind shift it around a little, coming back years later to a random spot, grabbing a handful, looking through it, not finding a painted grain, and saying that you never painted any grains of sand.

    Impressed? You shouldn’t be. The chances that a planet will have the correct conditions to support life will be really slim, or at least it happening the same way it does on Earth. Actually, what you would require for life isn’t water that is just the case for Earth. What really is needed is some sort of liquid. This fluid could be liquid methane. That exists on Saturn’s moon, Titan. Liquid allows chemical reactions to happen, which would happen to be why chemists are always working with liquids, not solids. Because they put something into a liquid to make a soluble, allowing chemical reactions to occur. It is the same for life, so who knows? You could have a life-form that can survive in temperatures at lower than -100 degrees due to the fact they are composed of something that is liquid at that temperature!

     You might also have something vice-versa. You might have a fiery monster composed of magma because it is close to it’s local star system, although the viscosity is too high, so don’t expect that.

      But going by the Earth definition of life-Something that at some point must die, must eat, composed of water, reproduces, grows, is composed of cells, and is able to respond to a stimulus, the chances are still slim. But when you have a lot of planets, slim if very high. Scientists predict that in the galaxy, there will about ten planets supporting life. They calculated this by figuring out the size and age of a star, figured out the star’s local planet’s composition and age, figured out how many average planets per star, figured out the chances of different compositions, figured out the chances of a planet being far enough from a local star to sustain life,  the chances that the planet will somehow obtain water, and the chances that the planet will have the correct chemicals to sustain life.

       Still, don’t expect an alien invasion (I mean the kind from other planets, not the kind form other countries,) because the life there will probably not be too much more advanced then we are (although there is actually a slight chance that the alien abduction stories are true,) so they can’t come here using a warp-generator attached to the photon engines of their star-cruisers.

Global warming refers to the overall rise in the average temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere. The main source of global warming is the increase of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, methane and chlorofluorocarbon in the atmosphere.

The Concentration of greenhouses gases

The above table shows the concentration of gases in the atmosphere.

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When the sun’s rays shine on the Earth, part of the light energy is absorbed as heat by the Earth’s surface while the rest is reflected back into the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases act like the glass surface of a greenhouse and reflect the heat back to the earth, resulting in an increase in temperature.

The Greenhouse Effect

When sunlight enters the atmosphere, some of the solar radiation is reflected back into space but most of it is absorbed by the Earth’s surface to heat up land and sea surfaces. As the Earth is heated up, heat in the form of infrared radiation is reflected back into space. However, most of the heat does not escape as it is trapped in the atmosphere by greenhouse gases which in turn radiate infrared rays back to Earth.

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This heats up the Earth which would otherwise to be too cold for living organisms. This phenomenon is called the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effects is linked to global warming because when more greenhouse gases are produced, more heat is trapped, resulting in an increase of Earth’s temperature. Ways to reduce greenhouse gases and global warming: a) reducing the burning of fossil fuels b) using alternative sources of energy such as hydro, wind and solar energy c) reducing deforestation d) replanting forest trees.

The importance of the Ozone Layer

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The ozone molecule (03) is made up of three atoms of oxygen. The ozone layer is a natural layer of ozone gas in the stratosphere about 15 to 30 kilometers from Earth’s surface. The ozone layer absorbs about 95% to 99% of ultraviolet (UV) radiation and protects all living organisms on Earth from the harmful effects of this radiation. Sunburn is due to UV rays that penetrate through the ozone layer. These rays are absorbed by plant and animal tissues which damage protein and DNA molecules.

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Chemicals that Damage the Ozone Layer

The Thinning of the ozone layer is due to the increasing levels of chlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere. In the stratosphere, CFCs are broken down by UV rays, thus releasing active chlorine radicals. These free chlorine radicals break down ozone molecules of ozone molecules.

It is the chlorine atom which is produced by the splitting of CFC molecules by ultraviolet rays. This leads to a series of chemical reactions and the breakdown of ozone molecules.

Effects of the Thinning of the Ozone Layer on Living Thing

On humans: a) mutation b) cataracts c) skin cancer d) sunburn e) affects the human immune system thus reducing the ability of the body to resist infections diseases. On plants and animals: a) reduces crop yields and reduces their nutrient content b) destroys cell membranes of leaves and reduces the amount of chlorophyll, thus affecting the rate of photosynthesis c) kills aquatic organisms, phytoplankton (which supply proteins) and aquatic plants (producers in food chains).

Effects of Environmental Pollution

Human activities associated with rapid development seriously upset the balance of nature, for example an increase or decrease in the population of animals and the loss of their habitats. Such activities cause harmful effects on several aspects such as: a0 human health b) habitats and nature c) the extinction of species d) the loss of economics resources.

a) Harmful effects on human health

i) A clean and unpolluted environment ensures good health for human.

ii) Air pollution causes diseases such as bronchitis and asthma, the inflammation of the respiratory tract and weakens the immune system, thus resulting in the body being easily attacked by bacteria and viruses.

iii) Effluent from heavy industries is the main source of heavy metal (lead and mercury) pollution which can cause damage and death. The heavy metal cadmium causes damage to the kidneys, lungs and the heart.

iv) Radioactive wastes can cause cancer and leukemia.

b) Destruction of Habitats and Nature

i) Water containing toxic substances and chemical fertilizers kill aquatic organisms. Acidic water from mines contain large amounts of sulphide and iron which react with oxygen in the air. This pollutes the water thus destroying the habitat of aquatic organisms. Eutrophication also causes the death of aquatic organisms.

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ii) Gases (sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen) released from factories result in the formation of acid rain. Acid rain corrodes the stems and leaves of plants. Rainwater causes the leaching of minerals in the soil which affects the absorption of nutrients by plant roots.

iii) Acid rain causes the death of trees and indirectly the loss of habitats for organisms which depend on trees for food and shelter.

iv) Disturbances to living organisms on land and in water affect the food webs in the respective ecosystems.

c) The extinction of species

i) The population of living organisms that cannot adapt to changes in the environment decreases and finally becomes extinct. For example, a decrease in frog and crocodile population is due to spraying of chemicals made from plastics and pesticides. These chemicals affect the secretion of hormones and the reproduction processes in these animals.

ii) Deforestation carried out by humans destroys the habitats and affects the lives of many wildlife species.

iii) Coral reefs are breeding grounds for many aquatic species. Destruction of corals reef due to oil spills, sewage disposal and effluent from factories may result in the extinction of many aquatic species.

iv) Noise pollution caused by ships in the oceans, oil drills and fishing activities which involve the use of explosives disturb the communication of whales and other aquatic organisms. It also affects the whales’ habitat, their health and reduces their ability to reproduce which leads to a decrease in the whale population.

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d) Loss of economic resources

i) Air pollution causes the formation of acid rain which destroys forest trees. This results in a loss of economic resources from forests which include timber, rattan as well and minerals.

ii) Water pollution causes a decrease in aquatic plants and organisms which lead to lost revenues.

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Over the past 40 years, the Earth’s average temperature has risen by 0.2 to 0.3°C. In Malaysia, the temperature is rising by about 0.18°C every decade.

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Or: http://images.stanzapub.com/readers/2009/06/26/34144126940d29674a39b_1.jpg

A greenhouse is built from glass to grow plants in cold countries during winter. Sunlight enters through the glass roof and heats up the soil, plants and floor of the greenhouse. The heat generated cannot escape but is trapped inside the greenhouse to keep the plants warm. Earth is like a big greenhouse where greenhouse gasses behave like glass panes which trap heat and heat up the surroundings.

Nitrogen oxide decomposes into nitric oxide and free oxygen radicals in the presence of sunlight. The free oxygen radicals combine with oxygen molecules, producing low level ozone which acts as a greenhouse gas. Ozone gas causes smog and imitation to the eyes, throat and lungs.

The possible materials to compost range from vegetables and apple cores to eggshells and grass clippings. According to the Browns, practically anything can be composted that is organic and biodegradable, including dairy products, bones and meat, but it should be noted that these products should only be composted at one’s own discretion; they have been known to attract animals such as possums, raccoons and bears. While no one really enjoys dealing with garbage, this is also the reason we usually hire someone to pick it up and dump it in the nearest landfill. Actually, composting is a surprisingly easy—and rewarding!—process, which requires only as much work, time or materials as a person is willing to give, although it may be more difficult in the suburbs where close-dwelling neighbors might be offended. “Usually people have some sort of a bin,” Mrs. Brown says. “It starts in the kitchen.” A small countertop container holds compostable materials and can be taken to the larger, outdoor compost area at the end of the day when the container is full. She adds that, while her family has a sophisticated composter outside, anything can be used for one, be it just a larger bin, or even a patch of ground.

A compost pile should be turned every so often to both aerate the material and distribute heat, which, as readily storable energy for compost, is the sole decomposing agent a compost accumulation receives; a pitchfork works just fine for this. Compost returns nutrients to soil, in addition to aerating it, creating traction, and minimizing erosion; it can even replace harsh gardening chemicals. It is especially beneficial in that MiracleGro and similar products contain unnatural levels of certain elements. Particularly, MiracleGro contains very high concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, all of which it releases into the earth at very quickly. When it rains, MiracleGro and its chemicals are washed away, often ending up in groundwater, which leads to tributaries, rivers and eventually the now horribly-intoxicated ocean. In freshwater, it does its intended job on unintended subjects like duckweed and algae, causing them to grow as if on steroids and choke off other life forms in their habitats. Compost can do the same job as MiracleGro in a garden, only it will not move, and nutrient chemicals are released much more slowly. In short, it is healthier, cheaper and less maintenance to compost!

• Try using public transportation: Yeah, I know, most people really hate taking the bus. I know I used to, I have a car, why take a bus? But if you live in a large city, this can really help reduce your carbon footprint.
• Better yet, Walk!: Walking from place to place, or using a bicycle, is becoming more and more popular among people, and is a great way to not only take care of yourself, but reduce your emissions.
• Use a Waterbottle!!: This is a big one. The emissions that are outputted in creating plastic waterbottles like those you would find in a store are HUGE! Instead, if your going to need water, bring a bottle that you can reuse.