1.Teori nativism

Pioneer of this theory is Athur Schopenhauer. This theory states that human development is influenced by nativus or innate human factors since birth. This theory asserts that humans have certain properties since birth that affect and determine the individual circumstances. Environmental and educational factors are ignored and virtually no effect on human development.

This theory has a view as if human nature can not be changed because it has been determined by the properties of its derivatives. When the descendants of both good and when it will be a descendant of the wicked will be wicked. So human nature is permanent can not be changed. This theory see education as a pessimistic and discredit human groups that “chance” to have children who are not good.

2.Teori empiricism

In contrast to previous theories, this theory considers that individual development is influenced and determined by the experiences gained during the development from birth to adulthood. This theory considers that the experience is to include education and association. The explanation of this theory is essentially a man of white paper that there is no color and writing what will become of human beings depends on what will be written.

More optimistic view of this theory to education, even education adalh including menenukan important factor for human development. This theory dipolopori by John Locke.

Convergence 3.Teori

This theory is a combination of both theories on the nature and experience of states that have a role in influencing and determining the individual’s development. Assumption of this theory is based on experiments of William Stern of the two twins. Offspring of twins have the same properties, but after being separated in different environments these twins turned out to have different properties. From this it is concluded that the nature of the theory of descent or disposition is not a major factor that determines the development of the individual but also well supported by environmental factors.

Factor in the theory of human nature is referred to as endogenous factors, including factors such kejasmanian white, curly hair, black hair. In addition to the factors kejasmanian there are also psychological factors is called the innate temperament. Different temperament or character to character. Character or character of the entire epidermis is human nature that namapak in everyday behavior as a result of the nature and the environment and are not constant. If a character or characters are not constant then the temperament to be a constant. In addition to temperament and physical properties, other endogenous factors that exist in human beings is the talent factor (aptitude). Aptitude is the potential that allows the individual develops in one direction.

For environmental factors in this theory is known as an exogenous factor that is a factor that comes from outside of the human form of experience, environment, education and so on are popularly referred to as milieu. Difference between the environment and education are located in the active processes running. When the environment is not passive force depends on the individual whether to use the opportunities and benefits exist or not. While education is an active and systematic as well as run a full consciousness.

Motivation is a very important topic; we can bring a positive and meaningful change in our life by understanding it fully. Let’s examine what is Motivation? What is its importance in our lives? What is the relation of motivation with success? Which factors are essential for elevating motivation and what are the factors that reduce or kill motivation?

In simple words, motivation is a name of “energy” or “power” that enables a person following his targets with full heart and soul. In the presence of Motivation the journey of a person keeps on moving ahead automatically and a person completes the most difficult tasks happily and easily. Will power and motivation are the essential ingredients for success.

It is the same power that pushes a worshipper leaving his warm bed in the severe cold for worshipping, convinces any soldier performing his duty in unfavorable conditions in a desert. It is a strange power that uplifts a person for converting impossible tasks into possible ones and it its absence the easiest task seems impossible.

In respect of motivation different experts have put their ideas in front of the world, all are important in their places, but the idea that received the most popularity was presented by American Professor Abraham Mosley in 1943. In this Article we will examine his idea thoroughly/in detail, understanding which we will be able getting the answer of the question, “What are those factors that affect motivation?”

The Abraham Mosley’s idea about Motivation cleared on the world that there are five types of human necessities in life, which on step by step completion elevates motivation in human and in case of non completion of these requirements, motivation starts declining. It must be cared much that the order of these requirements are very important because their order is set as per their importance. The human needs according to Professor Abraham Mosley are:

1- Physiological Needs

Physical needs are the foremost needs of human life, without which it is not possible keeping alive. These needs include food, shelter and cloth. With the civilization progress there are many other needs in the modern age that can be included in the category of physical needs as per our standards of living.

2- Security Needs

After fulfilling the physical needs, security needs are important. Who is not aware of the importance of security needs? A person cannot focus in the presence of insecure feelings and remained overwhelmed in variety of doubts. Possible fears about future keep him worried all the time.

Every person feels the necessity that his life and wealth would have no fears at all. He should have security in wealth and social affairs. The better condition of law and order, justice in the country, reliable punishment and reward system, conduct of merit in the society, arrangement of safety from accidents and health fulfills the human security needs.

3. Love and Belonging Needs

After fulfilling the health and security needs love and belonging needs are important. We all know that human is a social animal. He possesses the natural desire of giving and receiving love. Due to this need he makes friends, grows family and searches his life partner, all these things help him creating emotional bonding with others. These relations can both be sexual or non-sexual. It is also in his instinct that he wants to be a part of group whether religious, political or social.

Doing all this fulfills his requirement of love and relation. If his requirement of love is not fulfilled fully he feels himself lonely and the extreme feeling of loneliness can create depression in him. The most important aspect of this need is that in case of non-fulfillment, a person may also lose interest in the fulfillment of physical and security needs. You might have seen many people who leave eating food, leave there houses and sometimes leave their lives as well, in case they fail in getting love or face separation from their loving personality,

4. Esteem Needs

Every person has a natural need that he must be respected. He desires that other people admire his qualities and abilities present in his personality, he receives acceptance everywhere and he must be seen as respectable. In order to fulfilling this need people associate themselves with different activities and hobbies which creates a sense of contribution in him and the need of self-esteem fulfills.

If this need is not fulfilled to a considerable extent, his self-esteem gets affected and in some cases he can become a victim of inferiority complex. The more the people have low self esteem, the more they need admiration and respect from others. Such people are more inclined getting popularity and dignity, because in this way they get more respect and honor from people.

The interesting thing in this respect is that the people with low self-esteem do not get satisfaction even by the getting respect and honor externally rather the improvement process starts only when they recover their self-esteem internally. The depression cases are more critical. Such people cannot show any extraordinary performances due to their mental condition, and hence, neither considered deserving of any respect or admiration nor succeed internally recovering their low self-esteem.

5. Self Actualizing Needs

Among Abraham Mosley’s idea of needs this is the last one. The relation of this need is with the desire that if someone is using his full potential or not. It is the name of the desire by which a person wants to achieve every possible thing in life. This is an exemplary situation.

It can also be described as the growth process has not stopped in a person but is still going on with the time. The needs of self actualizing can be different in different people. Some people satisfy their desire of self actualizing by putting their energies in painting, photography, poetry and inventions.

Understanding the above mentioned details you would have guessed that these cover almost every aspect of our needs in life. There is no easy or short way keeping you motivated all the time but it is worth taking care of all these necessities in an orderly way as stated above.

Only financial stability and progress is not a guarantee of happy life but a human personality is a combination of variety of needs and every need has its own importance. All these requirements are entire reality and demand their fulfillment. Ignoring any one of these can only create a long term complexities in any one.

We often indulge in a mistake of using all of our energies, abilities and time for fulfilling any one of the above mentioned needs, while ignoring other needs of our personality. As a result, in due course of time, our motivation starts declining and ultimately we come across a mental condition where we feel lack of motivation.

The only way of dealing this situation is that we shall examine our life style and priorities carefully and evaluate the following:

To what extent can we fulfill these needs?

Where are we making mistake?

What important aspects of our life demand our attention and time?

After fulfilling all these requirements considerably, a person becomes capable of passing a complete, fulfilled, happy and satisfied life and develops an unlimited providence of energy that enables him achieving any target in life without much difficulty.

Muhammad Irfan Zafar

Content Writer

Issue # 1 Legal Vs. Illegal Sex

It is somehow hard to define which type of sex shall give the most pleaure, legal or illegal one. A good wife can be a good partner in bed if she can perform sexually similar to a professional whore. Never will a man turn to another woman if his wife is like a whore in the bed room. The only problem with legal sex is boredom; this can be overcome by various methods of sexual fantacies, such as taking a bath together, watching porns together, and reading more about human sexuality especially in anticipation of natural problems (temporary erectile dysfucntion, economic stress, and / or aging process)

However, legal sex can also be a disaster if it is performed on a regular basis just to prove that they are spouses. The logic is that a man likes to have something different. With the same menu at home, he will likely have something else outside. Moreover, if his wife cannot keep her body fitness after several labors of her babies. In other words, she cannot keep herself as she used to be. Economic stress may cause a wife to behave like an economist in bed, just giving  very minimal sexual services to her hsuband. If this is the case, do not blame a husband if he turns to having an affair with another woman. Then, illegal sex will be a lot of fun for him.

Issue # 2 Psychological Stance

At one time or another a man may experience sexual dysfunction due to his psychological state. It can be a financial problem, lousy wife, critical wife (criticizing something her husband cannot afford), naughty children, feeling of being older, feeling of being useless (say, being unemployed or underpaid while his wife well-paid). In this case, there is no other way than having good communication between spouses.

A man with this psychological state usually performs sexually well outside with different women but breaks down with his own wife at home. Meanwhile building up good communication between spouses is not an easy task. If things persist, it is recommended that both spouses see a sexual psychologist or consultant.

Issue # 3 The Arabic Spell

It is just my personal spell that I want to share. It is just a spell; therefore can be used regardless of your religion. The spell goes:

YAA QOHAR LA ILA HA ILLALOHU WAHIDUL QOHAR (7 times) to be lips-read in one breath after which you blow a cup of fresh water. The water is then used to rinse Mr. Dick prior to sexual activity. Worth trying, isn’t it?

For more English versions of sexual spells, click here.

Source

Issue # 4 Final Remarks

Sex is not everything but everything without sex is nothing. With this in mind, you will not likely miss any chance to enjoy sex. To maintain your sexual performance, do the followings

(1) Eat good food or food supplements designed for better sex life.

(2) Do some sports of your preference to keep bodily fit.

(3) Practice the above spell before and after sexual activity.

(4) Practice taoism of sex.

Abraham in his theory believes that, some needs are more important and pressing than others and must therefore be fulfilled before other needs are served.

Abraham Maslow has arranged this theory of human needs into 5 stages from the lower needs to the higher needs.

The most important is below and the less important on top

5.            Self actualization needs (Achievement of all goals, luxury)           

4.            Self esteem needs (Status or position in society)

3.            Social needs (Friendship, acceptance)

2.            Safety or security needs (Peace of mind and personal safety)

1.            Physiological needs (This refer to food, clothing, shelter)

Image via Wikipedia

Abraham Maslow

Clinical psychologists deal with the study, diagnosis and treatment of abnormal behavior. They are trained to diagnose and treat problems ranging from the everyday crises of life– such as grief due to the death of a loved one– to more extreme conditions, such as loss of touch with reality. They explore the relationship between psychological factors and physical diseases. For example, they are interested in how long term stress can affect physical health. In addition, most clinical psychologists are trained to conduct research in emotional and behavioral problems, such as mental illness, delinquency, mental retardation, alcoholism, marriage adjustment and so on. They are mainly employed in mental hospitals, institutions for mentally retarded, prisons and private practice clinics.

In clinical psychology, often three specialists work together; psychiatrist, psychologist and social worker.

Physiological Psychologists

Closely related to experimental psychology is the smaller but rapidly growing area of physiological psychology. The physiological psychologists are mainly concerned with relationships between bodily processes and behavior. They may, for example, conduct research on how the brain regulates various motivations, such as hunger and thirst. They are also interested in the effect of brain on perceptual learning and in the study of chemical processes underlying vision.

Moreover, hereditary factors that contribute to personality development do so as a result of interactions with the particular social environment in which people live. Apparently, there are several personality types as Katharine Cook Briggs and Isabel Briggs Myers illustrated in several personalities typology tests. These tests only provide enlightenment based on the preliminary insight scored according to the answers judged by the parameters of the test. Other theories on personality development are Jean Piaget stages of development, and personality development in Sigmund Freud “s theory being formed through the interaction of id, ego and superego.

Discussions

Basically, personality is the totality of an individual”s psychological and biological components that shape his characteristic patterns of actions, thoughts, feelings, attitudes, and behavior, and distinguishes him from other persons (Karackz, 2004). Many psychologists have studied and formulated their own perspectives and theories on personality. Boeree (2006) stated that a theory is a model that organizes the several aspects of a reality so that people can comprehend, discuss, predict and control this reality. Theories on personality emphasize the make up of a person, how do the different components function, and how do they malfunction. Theories on personality are categorized into three orientations: Psychoanalytic, Behavioristic, and Humanistic Personality Theories.

Sigmund Freud, a forerunner of the psychoanalytic theories, underscored the importance of the unconscious in determining a person’s behaviors and actions. Freud claimed that the fundamental goal of all human behavior is to attain pleasure and avoid or counter displeasure and pain. He elaborated on this by introducing the three structures of personality: the id, ego and superego. The id operates on the pleasure principle and is inborn. Its function is to transform biological drives into wishes or tensions and demand immediate satisfaction. As the individual grows, he is forced to interact with reality and the ego develops. It is the sole structure of personality that interacts with the environment to control the demands of the id until a suitable or appropriate situation is found. The superego develops as the person learns about right and wrong. This mediates between the drives of the id and the actions of the ego in order to inject moral standards that would not hurt the individual (Ewen, 2003, pp. 28). Another psychoanalytic theorist is Erik Erikson. Erikson accepted Freud’s three structures of personality but broadened his perspective to include the development of the ego and the child. He developed the eight stages of personality wherein each stage is characterized by a crisis that should be resolved by the ego to ensure continuous development. The eight stages of an individual’s life are characterized by the following crises: Trust versus Mistrust, Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt, Initiative versus Guilt, Industry versus Inferiority, Identity versus Role Confusion, Intimacy versus Isolation, Generativity versus Stagnation, and Ego Integrity versus Despair (Davis and Clifton, 1995).

Behaviorist theories emphasized the importance of observing the relations between personal attributes, behavior, and the social environment (Boeree, 2006). A prominent behaviorist was Albert Bandura who claimed that most human behavior is learned and the mind is a powerful force capable of constructing one’s reality as the person makes use of personal factors and environmental stimuli to create an action or behavior (McCormack Brown, 1999). B.F. Skinner’s behaviorist theory on personality is primarily founded on operant conditioning. He claimed that a person’s life is a process of “operating” in the environment. As he continues to exists, he would encounter “reinforcers” from the environment that would drive him to continue the behavior being reinforced. An individual’s behavior is therefore determined by the presence of stimuli that would either provide a positive or negative consequence to the individual (Boeree, 2006).

The last approach is humanistic which consists of people who believed that humans aspire to achieve a higher level of abilities and actualization. Abraham Maslow is a significant figure in this group of personality theorists. He developed the five hierarchy of human needs: Physiological needs (food, shelter, clothing), Safety needs (need to be secured), Belongingness needs (need to be affiliated with other people to overcome loneliness and alienation), Esteem needs (respect and acceptance from others), and Self-Actualization (the achievement of full potential). These needs have to be resolved from the most basic until the most serious in order to ensure normal development (Simons, Irwin & Drinnien, 1987).

Apparently, personality psychology seems to be caught among conflicting goals, themes, and forces. On the one hand it is a psychology of “individual differences” with a commitment to an idiographic approach. On the other hand, the study of individual differences requires (at least initially) a focus on general processes, mechanisms, and dimensions of behavior (e.g., nomothetic traits, general principles of social learning). Similarly, personologists have been mainly attentive to the search for intraindividual stability, with the person as the main unit of analysis. Intraindividual behavioral stability, however, turns out to be heavily dependent on the social-situational context and subject to variation as a function of both cognitive and social-situational factors. Personality theorists increasingly embrace the view that individual social behavior is partially shaped by the expectations and observation of actors in social interaction settings (Magnusson & Endler, 1977 and Mischel, 1973). Behavior may be determined as much by the inferences an actor draws about his/her own dispositions, the requirements of a situation, and the behavior of others as it is by fully formed predispositions or traits. A social psychological interpretation of personality focuses on the dynamic growth and development of consistent patterns of behavior over the course of a social interaction sequence (Darley & Fazio, 1978). A cognitive-social psychological interpretation supplements this position by focusing on the role of prior inferences and current perceptions about the self and others and the situation in shaping an individual’s social responses.

The current broadening of personality psychology results in a discipline concerned as much with general processes as with specific dimensions of individual differences, a discipline as sensitive to the dynamic, interactional character of social behavior as it is devoted to finding underlying stability and generality (Magnusson & Endler, 1977). Personality psychology in its broadened form shares substantially with both social and cognitive psychology. The focus on cognitive mediation, the role of goals, expectations, and interpretations in shaping behavior joins personologists and cognitivists in common cause. Social and personality theorists similarly join forces in a concern with the subtle control of situational variables over behavior and the interactive, dynamic nature of social behavior.

From this regard, there are several ways to assess personality of an individual. The following section will be discussing the two well-known assessment methods of personality i.e. Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R) and Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI).

A. Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R)

The Revised NEO Personality Inventory, or NEO PI-R, is a mental personality assessment test; a 240-query evaluation of the Five Factor Model: Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness to Experience. Basically, the examination determines and analyzes the six alternative categories of each of the Five Factor Model. The personality assessment examination was established by Paul T. Costa, Jr. and Robert R. McCrae for utilization with males and females over the age of 20 without any psychological disorders (Butcher, 2002).

How the test works

With the final module, there are two types of documents for the NEO, one for self evaluation (document S) and one for the perceptions of the observers (document R). Both documents contain 240 factors (perceptions of attitudes and traits) detailed on a five point scale, starting from “intensely disagree” to “intensely agree” Lastly, there includes a 60 item evaluation of factors only pertained to as the “NEO FFI.” There are ordinary and printed forms of all documents accessible (Millon, 1997).

The circumstances under which using the test would be indicated

The module indicates that implementation of the entire version must last at approximately half an hour at most. The evaluation must not be done if there are aspects of more than 20 that are left without answers. Experts mention that in spite of the fact that the test is well-equipped to manage the impacts of negligence and indecisiveness of the participants, that if more than a hundred answers, or less than a hundred answers, are “agree” or “intensely agree,” the outcomes must be analyzed with extreme care.

The reliability and validity of the instrument

The theoretical foundations of the NEO PI-R have been put under intense criticism. Neither Paul T. Costa, Jr. nor Robert R. McCrae had any established backgrounds in the aspect of personality assessment. Also, the concept of mentality forms, which the NEO PI-R aims to functionalize, is not established on any valid psychological research cases. Experts mention that the NEO PI-R procedures basically involve critical thinking and recall, procedures generally neglected by the modern subject of psychology (Morey, 2003).

The factors that users such test should consider

One factor that the users of the NEO PI-R personality assessment needs to consider is the subjective authentication included. Therefore, it is probable that the users of the NEO PI-R personality assessment could believe on unstable assessments concerning their personalities.

Opinion of the usefulness of the test

I believe that an individual’s beliefs regarding basic and complicated aspects can be driven by plenty of elements that surround him. The author believes that the NEO PI-R personality assessment will be beneficial to people especially those whose beliefs are almost always changed by daily events and activities. The utilization of he NEO PI-R personality assessment could help in the gathering of a collective individual identities of various types of people. The NEO PI-R personality assessment emphasizes on the significance of personality in making everyday decisions especially with other people involved. It emphasizes on the manner wherein the information regarding the attitudes and traits of persons can be used to aid in our daily interactions with other people.

B. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is a personality assessment established to help people to determine their important individual likes and choices. Katharine Cook Briggs and her daughter Isabel Briggs Myers established this personality assessment with strong references on the psychological studies of Carl Jung (Beutler, 2005).

How the test works

The present US version of MBTI Step I indicates more than 80 forced-response queries. Forced-response implies that the person has to select only a single answer out of two given choices to every query. The options are a combination of terms and short sentences. Respondents may choose not to answer the queries that leave them confused. Utilizing psychometric processes, the MBTI will then be encoded with the appropriate equivalent scores and will make efforts to determine the choice, and visibility of likes, in every category. After being administered with the MBTI, respondents are normally invited to finish a Best Fit test and then provided a document of their Indicated Preference, which will normally involve a bar graph and figure to indicate the number of their obvious likes when they finished the test (Kamphaus, 2005).

The circumstances under which using the test would be indicated

The MBTI chooses for preferences and it does not illustrate the accuracy of the choosing capabilities of the person. The queries enable the clarity of a type or like to be identified, but not whether the type is correct or not or the level of intelligence of the person. In this aspect, it varies from attitude-based personality assessment tests. Type choices are on opposing poles: a common idea regarding MBTI is that the participant basically chooses one type over the other, not a combination of preferences.

The reliability and validity of the instrument

The reliability and validity of the MBTI has been analyzed as being under par, with participants who perform the examination more than once often being designated various preferences. Based on the studies done on the validity of the MBTI, the largest portion of individuals who fell into the similar classification on the second examination is only below 50%. In addition, a great range of 40% – 80% of those examined landed into various preferences upon re-examination weeks or days after, and most individual’s preferences were also identified to differ based on the time of the day (Pervin, 2001).

The factors that users such test should consider

The outcomes of the MBTI personality assessment have to be agreed to be kept in private between the person and the examiner and, therefore should not be revealed without approval from the participant. Also, since the MBTI is a test of types, not knowledge, and because there are no correct or incorrect preferences, the potential participants must bear in mind that the MBTI cannot be classified as an accurate personality assessment tool for the objectives of employee recruitment and hiring.

Opinion of the usefulness of the test

The author agrees on the fact that MBTI does not have the authentic results to enable its reputation as a quality and reliable personality assessment test to grow. Nevertheless, MBTI is able to effectively forecast the attitudes and traits of every person, including the details of every preference going beyond ordinary behaviors to specified aspects of likes and preferences. The author believes that this information, no matter how simple or ordinary it may seem, can still be helpful in the analysis of every individual’s behavior.

Synthesis

The previous sections identify the assessment methods of personality i.e. Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R) and Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). Aside form this assessment, the discussion also shown that the different personality theories each have their own focus of discussion. Freud and Erikson concentrate on the formation of the ego that helps an individual interact with the environment. However, Erikson is more comprehensive in his discussion. Whereas Freud focuses more on the unconscious structure of the personality, Erikson’s theory encompasses the normal and conscious development of an individual from birth until old age.

He is able to postulate on the different aspects of human life like society and culture that can help shape an individual’s personality. Furthermore, Skinner and Bandura emphasize the learning process of an organism. They both believe that the human mind is capable of accepting stimuli from the environment, interpreting them based on inherent capacities, and then manifesting certain actions or behaviors in response to the stimuli. The learning theories are realistic in nature. The human mind is indeed a powerful force within a person. It helps the person to understand the social world through personal and inborn energy. Skinner’s and Bandura’s focus on the environment and individual is also very helpful. An individual cannot deny his involvement with the society and thus should be able to understand whatever issue it poses on him through an ability innate in him since birth. Finally, Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs is a practical approach to explaining human behavior.

It encompasses several realities of human life such as the serious need for food, water and clothing, the need to form relationships with others and be accepted, be safe from harm, and be whatever he wants to be. Maslow is able to capture the basic essence of human existence so people can relate to his theory.

Conclusions

Personality is a complex system that encompasses all the internal and external influences in a person’s existence that makes him unique. A person is naturally imbued with the capacity to understand, learn, make choices, satisfy his needs, and realize his full potential. However, as he grows up he is faced with the fact that he is not alone and should interact with the society. Thus, his natural capacity is put to a test. This interaction paves the way for accommodation, modification and enhancement of his inherent personal factors.