The largest number of people in the world “Over 700,000 of our people are involved in the cleaning of toilets using their bare hands; this is a huge shame on the country. The politicians raise slogans of becoming a super power but do not look back. They knowingly ignore the plight of the poor people of India.  Every country may become a super power but only when its people are prosperous and enjoy all amenities of life. With the world records from bottom  India cannot even become a power not to speak of super power.

Animals depend on their environment for the things they need to live. Most plants depend on animals for their propagation. Some interactions between organisms of certain plant and animal species are very specific. A close interaction between two species over time is called symbiosis. Symbiosis means “living together”. There are several kinds of symbiosis.

The relationship between a bee and a flower is an example of a symbiotic relationship that benefits both organisms. As the bee sips nectar, it transfers pollen from flower to flower. Thus the bee obtains food and the flower is able to reproduce. This symbiotic relationship is called mutualism.

A second type of symbiosis occurs between a shark and a small fish called remora. The remora attaches itself to the shark’s body, gets a free ride, and feed on scraps from the shark’s food. The shark is not affected by the remora. The relationship between the shark and remora is an example of a symbiotic relationship called commensalism in which one organism benefits while the other is not affected.

Another kind of symbiosis is parasitism. An example is when parasitic bacteria feed on their host and cause diseases. A tapeworm living in a mammal’s digestive system weakens its host by absorbing some of the host’s food. So parasitism is a symbiotic relationship that benefits one organism and harms the other.

Predation is another kind of relationship among organism. A spider eating an ant, a frog eating a mosquito, and a hawk eating a rabbit are examples of predation. The spider, frog, and hawk are predators. The ant, mosquito, and rabbit are preys. Predation occurs when one organism feeds on another.

Some species of animals form societies to protect one another from predators. Food, space, and other factors, however, become limited as the animals increase in number. Therefore organisms complete with one another to get the things they need.

Competition between different species occurs when two kinds or organisms try to occupy the same niche.  Two species cannot fill exactly the same niche. Hence the species that is better adapted will succeed. The other species either adapts to a new niche or dies out.

Certain behaviors reduce competition. For example, there is ranking in a population of chimpanzees. The older animals occupy the top level; hence they have the first choice of food and nesting sites. Often only the top-ranking animals reproduce.

Organisms forming a small organizational group always form a higher grouping (population). A population is a relatively permanent association of organisms of the same kind. Individual organisms may multiply and die but collectively, the population persists.

In grassland, there are populations of ragweed, a population of earthworms in a small pot of soil, or a population of birds on trees. The geographical extent of a population many vary from a small space in a plot of soil to a vast space of forest land. Population density many also vary greatly. These variations affect the availability of food and may be another cause of competition among organisms of the same species. For example, bullfrogs feed on insects in a certain pond. But as the population of bullfrogs increases, individual bullfrogs compete for space and food. Thus competition exists among bullfrogs.

Awadhesh Kishore and Rakhi Sharma*

Sarvoday Mahavidyalaya, Chaumuhan-281406, Mathura (INDIA)

*Institute for Development of Technology for Rural Advancement, Mathura-281004 (INDIA)

Summary:

Unemployment of youth may be a Problem but Population, being a human-resource, may not. Proposed model like Cottage-industry, every unproductive youth is compelled to establish a production system. Government will provide raw material, technical and financial support and purchase finished products and market inland or abroad like China and Japan. Model is long term continuous GDP gainer at a huge.

Keywords:

China, Cottage-industry, Economics, Financial support, Finished products, GDP, How to Human-resource, Model, Nation, Population, Raw material, Technical support, Unemployment, Unproductive youth.

The population was never be problem nor will be, but is a human resource of a nation. Real problem to break development of a country is unemployment of youth. A model is proposed to overcome the problem. Kutir Udhyog was almost similar model but could not meet out expected results as the same was cooperative societies. A policy can be laid out to force each and every unproductive youth to establish a system of production. The government to provide him raw material on subsidized or reasonably low cost, technical assistance and financial support to the youth in establishing set up and to purchase the finished product from same venue and market it inland or in abroad like China and Japan. It is a long term model to gain continuous GDP of the country at a huge.

Population is not a problem:

When we discuss regarding burning problems and issues of a country, it is told that population is one of the most burning issues before the nation. But the statement cannot be recognized as an intelligent comment. The population was never be problem nor will be. It is the base of development of a nation. Many countries which have low dense population are not developed and the same that have dense population with better management are being counted as developed countries today. Many countries are there in the world, that are full of natural resources are not counted as developed countries and the few others having high population, are not undeveloped countries.

Population is a human resource of a nation:

The population is the human resource which is most demanding resource of a nation for its development. There is not a machine or any other type of resource anywhere that can replace the resource. A country cannot be supposed to develop if it is lacking human resource. It can be suggest that the population of a country is not population but unemployment of population.

Real problem is unemployment of youth:

It is said that high density of population creates a problem of unemployed youth. Once again, The comment is not agreed, If a country has no sufficient number of administrator, teachers, research workers, doctors, engineers, lawyers, judges, officers, technicians, clerks, peons, police forces and military forces etc., the same country has no right to complain unemployment of youth. If most of the population is on the road in searching of employment and the departments are in need of unfilled positions to be filled, the comment that high density of population creates a problem of unemployed youth is nothing other than a wrong explanation and interpretation of a situation (not a problem). If it is analyzed, what the problem is? The problem is not a population but unemployment of youth. Without employment the population is unproductive and looked like a pest on the country.

Proposed model to overcome the problem:

Making unproductive youth a productive one is a primary requirement of a developing country. An action plan can be suggest to such countries. The government should take hard action plan to make each every youth productive. A policy can be laid out to force each and every unproductive youth to establish a system of production (in other words earning) from a product of his choice. If he is provided an option to choose an item to produce as per his choice, quantity and quality of finished product will possibly be higher. In case the youth has no technical capacities or financial resources to establish his set up, he may be supported by the government. It should be binding upon the government to provide him raw material on subsidized or reasonably low cost, technical assistance and financial support to the youth in establishing set up. A subsidy should be provided on financial support whereas, but technical assistance should always be available free of cost to the youth. The government has also to take responsibilities to make raw material available at the door of the establishment and to purchase finish product from the same venue. Thus productive hours will be enhanced, and the youth will concentrate on quality and quantity of the finished product.

Scope of the model:

This is a proposed model for increasing productivity of unproductive youth of the nation. They will be directly associated with the GDP of the nation. The model is not impossible to implement. Almost similar model of employment named cottage industry was proposed at the time of freedom movement in India. The best results of cottage industry could not be met out due to the reason that the model was based on cooperative societies. These societies were responsible to manage raw material, financial and technical support and marketing of finished product. In that model, policies and managing skills in various societies were varied and block the way of success on overall growth basis.

Almost similar model is being implemented in various countries at present. They are providing facilities at the door of the established set up and purchase the finished product from the same venue. The government will acquire interest on loans, taxes (at low rate but in huge amount because of high production) on production and duties on export (at low rate but in huge amount because of high production). Low rate of taxes and duties, the cost of finished product will remain under control.

As the quality of the finished product is not certified, the government can sale out the finished products inland or abroad on low costs without giving any guarantee or warrantee. By operating a model like this, a country having highest population has no problem because of high population.

It is a long term model to gain continuous GDP of the country at a huge.

Population Densities in Southeast Asia (Photo credit: Jeff McNeill)

The change of population is caused by birth, death and the movement of people into and out of a country. The number of children born, called th fertility of population, increases the size of population.The number of deaths, called mortality, decreases population. Migration – the number of people entering or leaving the country – can cause either an increase or decrease. A natural increase in the population of country comes from the greater number of births than deaths.

The three factors that influence the changes in population are explained in terms of rates. Rates show how often an event happens or how common it is.

Human beings have been living on earth for ten thousand years and during most of that time its number was relatively small. Before agriculture was developed about 10,000 years ago, death-rate was high partly because of limited food supply. After people began to grow crops and raise animals for food, death-rate fell and the population of the world slowly grew. Industrialization and scientific knowledge began to spread quickly. There was a further increase in food supplies as well as a decrease in death caused by diseases. Human population began to grow more rapidly.

Many people fear that population will grow faster than resources – such as food, fuel, and housing – needed to support all the people in the world. If this should happen, the first result would be lower standard of living. Then, as living standard fell below what was needed to keep the poorest people alive, death-rate would increse. If living standard was reduced to a point where dangerous diseases could not be controlled, death-rate would rise among the wealthy as well as the poor.

More governments, help more families to understand the problems caused by over population. They give family planning guidance to families that have not yet understood what family planning is. Such families can regulate the number of children they may have. In Indonesia this regulation is known as Keluarga Berencana or KB.

In Indonesia, as well as other other densely populated countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America, there have been attempts to help people build small families. The governments in those countries are working hard to ensure that children from poor families will get a chance to make a better living for themselves.

The problem doesn’t just stop with children not being toilet trained.  School staff say that even the most basic life skills are lacking in many school age children.  Some are unable to change their clothes for gym classes or indeed take off and put on coats unaided.

A lot of teachers say that parents these days don’t train their children because they’d rather pass the buck and feel it is an “education” issue and so should be dealt with by teachers.  Other teachers feel that parents are too busy with their own lives to spend the necessary time teaching their children these basic skills.

A poll has recently taken place in the UK by Education and Resources for Improving Childhood Continence and the Association of Teachers and Lecturers whereby 850 primary school teachers were targeted.  Of those 850 teachers, around 66% of them said there had been an increase in the number of pupils wetting or soiling themselves throughout school hours, and an incredible 71% working with kindergarten children (aged 3-5) had noticed an increase.  In fact, some schools even felt the need to set up parenting workshops to teach mums and dads how to toilet train their kids!

Of the teachers that were taking part in the poll, one said that there were three incontinent children in his/her classroom and it was necessary for nappies to be changed sometimes up to nine times a day.  Another said that with disposable nappies becoming more absorbent children don’t feel uncomfortable so they don’t feel any need to hold back when nature calls!  Others commented that, in general, children were becoming less independent and needed help with the most basic tasks.

Back in the 1960s when I was born, it was recommended that children should be potty trained as soon as they could sit up relatively unsupported.  Parents across the UK were encouraged by GPs and midwives to place a potty on a towel on their laps and then the child should be placed on the potty facing the adult.  Each time the child managed to go to the toilet then he or she should be rewarded with smiles, cuddles, kisses and kind words!  Once the child was strong enough to support him/herself safely then the potty should be moved onto the floor but still the child should receive encouragement.  Eventually the child should learn that it’s good to use a potty.

Once the child reached an age where it could communicate, it was slowly introduced to communicating in simple language that it needed to go to the toilet.  My mother assures me that both my sister and I were fully potty trained and out of nappies before we were 18 months old.  We obviously had the odd accident but, on the whole, we were pretty clean.

Of course, back in the 1960s, most mothers wanted to wean their kids off the nappy trail because they were the terry towelling type which had to be soaked in a bleachy solution in laundry buckets which were fitted with lids so that the smell of the dirty nappies and/or the bleach was restricted, and then the nappies were washed properly and dried almost on a daily basis.  Changing them wasn’t terribly easy either – holding onto a baby’s constantly moving body whilst  juggling nappy and safety pins and, at the same time, ensuring the nappy wasn’t too loose or too tight!

My mother always maintained though that she got into a daily routine when it came to nappy washing and she took pride in seeing a long line of sparklingly white nappies hanging on her linen line!

Today of course, there’s no washing necessary and no difficulty with folding the nappies and safety pinning them.  Modern disposable nappies can be velcroed around the baby or, as the child becomes older, these nappies are replaced with elasticated water proof underpants, so there’s no real incentive for parents to train their kids in toilet habits.

However, the government here has recognised that the disposable nappy is a major problem on our waste disposal sites.  Unfortunately, we’re not only over populating our planet but we’re destroying it by polluting the land with nappies.

This lackadaisical attitude to parenting it seems is spreading into other areas of social/life skills.  Hence the inability for some children to dress themselves properly, speak or write clearly or respect their environment or other humans. 

My smallish village is a prime example.  Parents, as soon as they’re able, seem to want to foist their kids onto grandparents or shove them into nursery school and then, when the children are at home, they send them outside to “play with their friends”, paying little heed to where the children are.  So often my partner and I and our various childless neighbours (both young and old) have seen “packs” of small children running around unattended.  They have no road sense (thankfully our roads here are extremely quiet traffic-wise), and because there are no parents around to tell them when they’re overstepping what’s socially acceptable, they’re throwing rubbish into the street, chasing cats, bullying the smaller kids on the block, kicking balls into people’s cars and windows and running amok in front gardens.  I’ve even caught small children picking the flowers from under my front window!

I suspect many responsible parents out there are now yelling at me “why don’t you tell the children off” or “why don’t you tell the parents”?  I’ve learned my lesson – several  years ago I told a small gang of boys (aged around 7) to try and avoid my windows and flower beds when they were chucking their cycles down and playing football.  I wasn’t unkind or abrupt, but just asked them politely.  They sulkily picked up their bikes and football and, having hurled abuse at me, went off.  Within the hour I had an angry father knocking on my door asking me what right I had to tell “Josh” to buzz off.  The father wasn’t prepared to listen to my version of events, preferring to rely on the evidence put forward by a seven year old child. 

Now, some six or seven years later, the families of those boys are constantly being visited by our boys in blue (police!) as they’ve progressed their unsociable behaviour and are becoming involved in fights, under age drinking, bullying, vandalism (including setting light to a field of wheat belonging to our local farmer!) and generally any misdemeanour you can think of!

So, parents beware, without your guidance kids can easily go off the rails … and this guidance starts with the basics, such as potty training!

Understanding the definition and Demographics

Demography is defined in many meanings according to some experts.Among them:

According to the Multilingual Demographic Dictionary, Demography is the scientific study of human Populations in the primarily with respect to Their size, Their structure (composition) and Their development (change). Which, if interpreted in the Indonesian language, roughly translates as follows: Demography is the study population (an area), especially regarding the number, structure (composition 

Meanwhile, according to Philip M Hauser and Duddley Duncan (1959) proposed a definition of demography is “Demography is the study of the size, territorial distribution and composition of population, and changes there in the components of the which maybe Such changes Identified as natality, territorial movements (migration ) and social mobility (changes of states).Indonesia is the translation defined approximately as follows “Demographic study the number, distribution, territorial, and the composition of the population and the changes and the causes of the changes that usually arise from the birthrate (fertility), mortality, territorial movement (migration) and social mobility (change of status).

From the second definition above, it was concluded (concluded) that the demographic study the structure and process of the population in a region.Include the distribution of population structure and composition of the population. The structure of the population is always changing because it is caused by the demographic processes of birth (fertility), death (mortality) and also the migration of the population.

Demographic continues to grow, differentiate Sirks Methorst and population issues into 2 quantitatively and qualitatively, but this opinion is lack of support. Adolphe Laundry in 1937 suggested the term PURE Demography and the idea received a positive response. Pure demographics Demography or pure / formal is the branch of mathematical analysis of the demographic that is generating techniques to calculate the population data.After that came the other sciences as related to Social Demography, Demographic Sociology, Population Studies, etc..

Urbanization is the movement of people from villages to cities. Urbanization is a serious enough problem for us all. Uneven population distribution between the village and the city would create many problems in social life. The number of significant increase in urban population without the support and offset by the number of jobs, public facilities, law enforcement, housing, food supply, and so certainly is a problem that must be addressed.

In contrast to the perspective of the science of population, urbanization definition means the percentage of population living in urban areas. Movement of people from villages to cities is only one cause of urbanization. movement itself is categorized 2 types, namely: Population Migration and Population Mobility. Migration is migration from rural to urban areas that aim to permanently stay in the city. Meanwhile, Population Mobility means movement of people who just temporary or not settled.

To get an intention to move or go to the city from the village, a person usually must have a strong influence in the form of solicitation, mass media information, personal dreams, desperate economic needs, and so forth.

The effects can be in the form of something that encourages, forces or factors driving someone to urbanization, as well as in the form of that interest or pull factors. Below are a few or a few examples which can basically drive a person to do the urbanization of rural to urban migration.

A. Attractor Factor The occurrence of Urbanization

More modern city life

Facilities and more comprehensive

Many jobs in the city

School education and higher education and better quality

B. Factors Driving The occurrence of Urbanization

Agricultural land increasingly narrow

Do not get along with the culture of the place of origin

Unemployed because not many jobs in the village

Limited facilities and infrastructure in the village

Expelled from the village of origin

Have a strong dream to be rich

C. Advantages of Urbanization

Memoderenisasikan villagers

Add to the knowledge of villagers

Establish good cooperation between residents of a region

Keep pace with the urban village

D. As a result of urbanization

Establishment of suburb areas of new residential suburban

The ever increasing unemployed (those who do not have a regular job)

Housing problem and who do not meet the narrow requirements of health

Unhealthy environment, caused social unrest and criminal

Say less than 10% of the human population is able to think outside the box – create their own thought process and adhere to it, irrespective of norms or the status quo. Many times they hurt and sometimes they are slowed down, but most times they get the promotion because the boss recognizes the power of independence within them.

There are precious few – say less than 0.01% of people on the planet who realize the absolute truth: that there’s no box. And so they create their own boxes and make everyone else think inside, outside, or around what they have made. Gates, Soros, Buffet, Slim, Branson, Jobs, Zuckerberg… they blaze their own paths, and most the rest of us just follow!

As the country gets younger and the economy expands beyond agriculture and manufacturing, into information technology and services, there may be reason to worry about food security. These fears are, however, offset by the fact that there is no longer a need to seek social sanction to pursue knowledge as the principal vocation. The widening of education is reflected in the small family norm that is economically far more viable for the population.

Scholars may scoff that the country’s illiteracy rate — believed to be 25 per cent of all men, and 45 per cent of all women — is still far higher than China’s. But India sends six times as many students into universities and institutes of higher learning. Such progress is in keeping with the ideals of a country with such a large proportion of people below 30, whose future we must secure. It took years of education to bring India to this state, but it’s good to know that we are headed in the right direction.