Study

It is hard to study the ancient world, which cannot find the evidence of the entirety of human events, and only part of those documents has survived today. Plus, depend on information have must be considered. The few people could write the histories, as literacy was not yet spread out to almost every culture until long after the end of ancient history.

The Roman Empire was one of the ancient world’s educated cultures, but many works of most histories are lost. For example, Livy, a Roman historian who lived in the 1st century BC, wrote a history of Rome called “From the Founding of the City” in 144 volumes; but lost 109 and 35 are still exist, but short summaries.

Historians study the two major avenues, which help understand better about the ancient world:

Archaeology

-Egyptian pyramids

-Harappa

-Mohenjo-daro

-Lothal

-Pompeii

-Terracotta Army

-Knossos

-Troy

Source Text

-Herodotus

-Thucydides

-Polybius

-Sima Qian

-Sallust

-Livy

-Josephus

-Suetonius

-Tacitus

-war between Athens and Sparta

Austrian imperial crown, the largest cut emerald in Habsburgs’ Palace (Vienna) is the last treasure of Holy Roman Empire in the world. Napoleon of French abandoned his invasion to England in summer and started to proclaim the Austrian Empire in August 1804. The great interest of Napoleon and his son on Austria is to get the last treasure of Holy Roman Empire, the imperial crown. French start invasion to Austria with 200,000 troops while Austrian General prepared fortress of Ulm in Bavaria to prevent Napoleon threat.

The secrecy behind the royal treasury of Austria seen much complicated during that time, the crown was the personal belonging of King Rudolf II where the king of Austria was secretly decided to duplicate the crown with one of the famous illusionist in Austria. The duplicated crown was made of pure gold, partially studded with diamonds, rubies, sapphires and pearls. It was decorated with eight diamonds same as real one but the size of the octagonal body of the crown is two centimeters smaller than the real crown.         

Napoleon gain greatest victories over Austria in Battle of Austerlitz. Due to casualties, Austria made peace agreement in Pressburg and pay a war indemnity of 40 million francs to Napoleon. Russian withdrawal to east while Napoleon camp in southern Germany and established confederation.  Napoleon claimed the crown of Austria but Austria royal treasury deals French only with duplicated crown of King Rudolf as a friction of the day.

Population:  13.6 million

Istanbul is the largest city in Turkey and is the nation’s cultural, economic, and financial center. It is also a major tourist destination, with millions of tourists arriving annually to admire the history and its medieval architecture. It is located in the northwest of the country, it lies on the Bosphorus Strait and encompasses the natural harbor known as the Golden Horn. It occupies territory on both the European and Asian sides of the strait, making Istanbul the only metropolis in the world situated on two continents.

 Istanbul has a long, storied history, having served as the capital of the Roman Empire, the Byzantine Empire, the Latin Empire, and the Ottoman Empire. However, when the new Republic of Turkey was proclaimed, Ankara was chosen as the capital.

 Settlers from Megara, under the command of King Byzas, established Byzantium around 660 BC. The city experienced a brief period of Persian rule at the turn of the 5th century BC, but the Greeks recaptured it during the Greco-Persian Wars. Byzantium then continued as part of the Athenian League and its successor, the Second Athenian Empire, before ultimately gaining independence in 355 BCE. It became part of the Roman Empire in AD 73. In May 330, Constantinople, as it was now called, was proclaimed the capital of an empire that eventually became known as the Byzantine Empire or Eastern Roman Empire. Various economic and military policies instituted by Andronikos II, such as the reduction of forces, weakened the empire and left it more vulnerable to attack and in the mid-14th century the city was seized by the Ottoman Empire after an 8-week siege. The Ottomans quickly transformed the city from a bastion of Christianity to a symbol of Islamic culture. Following the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire and the founding of the modern Republic of Turkey, Istanbul was overlooked in favor of Ankara as the new nation’s capital. In 1955, the Istanbul Pogrom targeted the city’s ethnic Greek community. The pogrom greatly accelerated the emigration of the city’s ethnic Greeks to Greece. The population of Istanbul began to rapidly increase in the 1970s, as people from Anatolia migrated to the city to find employment in the many new factories that were built on the outskirts of the sprawling metropolis. This sudden, sharp rise in the city’s population caused a large demand for housing development, and many previously outlying villages and forests became engulfed into the greater metropolitan area of Istanbul. The city is currently bidding for the right to host the 2020 Summer Olympics.

Population: 4 million

Rome is the capital and largest of Italy. The city is located in the central-western portion of the country. Within the center of Rome lies Vatican City, the world’s smallest independent country.

 Rome is one of the most-visited cities in the world. It is a leading center for culture, history and arts. It has long been admired for its preservation of historical landmarks and monuments, particularly the Colosseum, one of the world’s oldest structures. The city receives an estimated 30 million tourists a year. In 1960, Rome hosted the Summer Olympics.

 The city’s history dates back as long as 2,500 years. It was the capital city of the Roman Kingdom, the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire, growing from a small city-state to a gigantic empire which encompassed nearly all of Western Europe and the lands bordering the Mediterranean for over seven hundred years from the 1st century BC until the 7th century AD and the city is regarded as one of the birthplaces of western civilization. Since the 1st century AD Rome has been the seat of the Papacy and, after the end of Byzantine domination, in the 8th century it became the capital of the Papal States, which lasted until 1870. In 1871 Rome became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy and has been the capital of Italy ever since. After the end of World War I, Fascist leader Benito Mussolini took power, pledging to return Rome to its former greatness and allied the country with Nazi Germany. The interwar period saw a rapid growth in the city’s population, eventually surpassing 1,000,000 inhabitants. In World War II, due to its status of an open city, Rome largely escaped the tragic destiny of other European cities, but was occupied by the Germans following its surrender to the Allies. It was liberated by Allied forces June 1944. After the war, the city grew momentously, as one of the driving forces behind the Italian economic miracle of post-war reconstruction and modernization.

Population:  12 million

Paris is the capital and largest city of France and one of the largest urban areas in Europe. It sits on the Siena River. It had been the largest city in the Western world for about 1,000 years, prior to the 19th century, and the largest in the entire world between the 16th and 19th centuries.

 Paris is a global city and is one of the world’s leading business and culture centers and exerts strong influence in global politics, education, entertainment, media, fashion, science and the arts and is especially influential in the fashion industry. All of this makes Paris an important center for the global economy.  It is also considered one of the greenest and most livable cities in Europe in addition to being one of world’s most expensive cities.

 The city is a level three “command center” for the global economy and produces more than a quarter of the gross domestic product for France and is the Paris metropolitan area GDP trails only Tokyo, New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago and London as the largest urban area GDP.  Attracting about 42 million tourists annually makes Paris the most visited city in the world.

 The earliest archaeological signs of permanent settlements in the Paris area date from around 4200 BC. It became part of the Roman Empire in 52 BC and expanded greatly over the following centuries, becoming a prosperous city with a forum, palaces, baths, temples, theatres, and an amphitheater. After the collapse of the Roman Empire and the Germanic invasions in the 5th Century the city slipped into a period of decline. In the 9th Century it was invaded by Vikings, who sacked and plundered the city. The city was hit by Black Death in 1348, killing as many as 40,000 and then in 1466 it was hit by the Great Plague which killed about the same number. After temporarily losing its position as capital as France, it regained that status in 1528. In March 1814 the city was occupied by Russian, British and German forces after Napoleon’s defeat. Cholera later hit the city in 1832, claiming 20,000 lives. During the Industrial Revolution Paris thrived and entered a period of rapid development. The Eiffel Tower opened and would remain the world’s tallest building until 1930. The Paris Metro opened in 1900.  Although Paris escaped invasion by Germany during World War I, the Germans succeeded in World War II and for four years, the city was occupied by Germany. It was liberated in August 1944 by American forces. During the late 1900’s and early 2000’s Paris underwent a major building boom, adding many skyscrapers to its downtown area.

14. Born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, he was adopted posthumously by his great-uncle Gaius Julius Caesar in 44 BC via his last will and testament, and between then and 27 BC was officially named Gaius Julius Caesar.

13. Caesar Augustus was born Gaius Octavius on September 23 in 63 B.C.

12. In 27 BC the Senate awarded him the honorific Augustus (”the revered one”), and thus consequently he was Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus.

11. Augustus was already an adult when Julius Caesar adopted him.

10. It was during his reign as Roman Emperor that Jesus Christ was born.

9. Augustus’s reorganization of the provincial Roman system created a stable environment for collecting taxes and administering government throughout the empire.

8. Augustus Caesar, as described by historians, was unusually handsome. He had clear, bright eyes and his teeth were wide apart, small, and ill-kept.

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7. He refused the names of King and Dictator but in B.C. 27 he assumed the title of Augustus, meaning “the sacred,” or “the venerable.”

6. His father was Gaius Octavius but was adopted by Julius Caesar and his mother was Atia Balba Caesonia.

5. After the demise of the Second Triumvirate, Octavian restored the outward facade of the Roman Republic, with governmental power vested in the Roman Senate, but in practice retained his autocratic power.

4. When Julius Caesar was assassinated in 44 BCE, Octavian was only 18 years of age.

3. The reign of Augustus initiated an era of relative peace known as the Pax Romana, or Roman peace. Despite continuous wars on the frontiers, and one year-long civil war over the imperial succession, the Mediterranean world remained at peace for more than two centuries.

2. Augustus Caesar died August 19 AD 14 in Nola, Italy. Augustus was 76 years old.

1. Augustus was buried in the Mausoleum of Augustus.

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People shifted between African-american and Western countries lengthy before registered record – and the migrations might have been pushed by Folks going southern region to ‘weather’ ice age categories.

The inherited records of long-forgotten migrations from African-american to Western countries stay on in Folks these days.

A third of the inherited records of sub-Saharan lineages in present-day Western countries come from prehistory.

Researchers think that Folks ‘pushed south’ by snow might have met with communities from sub-Saharan African-american.

People shifted between the major regions as beginning as 11,000 decades ago.

Geneticists used mitochondrial DNA to look for the records of historical migrations. 

Mitochondrial DNA is approved immediately from mom to kid with no DNA from the dad – and small changes in the series come to ‘characterise’ different communities, which can be used to find motions and migrations of categories of people in the last. 

Large variety of men and women shifted between African-american and Western countries during latest and well-documented routines such as the Roman Kingdom, the Arabic cure, and the servant business – but the scientists discovered that a third of sub-Saharan lineages came from before these motions. 

‘It was very unexpected to find that more than 35 % of the sub-Saharan lineages in Western countries came during a period that varied from more than 11,000 decades ago to the Roman Kingdom times,’ said Dr. Antonio Salas of the School of Santiago de Compostela and mature writer of the research.

‘The other 65% of Western haplogroup L lineages came in more modern times.’

The writers describe that these connections likely linked sub-Saharan African-american to Western countries not only via Northern African-american, but also immediately by seaside tracks. 

Salas said that it still continues to be mysterious why there was inherited circulation between the African-american and Western countries in the primitive era.

One possible situation is that some bidirectional circulation was publicized when the last glaciation encouraged some Folks southward, until the glacier receded and communities came back north.

In inclusion to searching the inherited hyperlinks of African-american and Western countries back to the primitive era, Salas desires that their work will also help those those who want to explore their own origins.

From the ancient Roman Empire to the British Empire of the early 1900s, imperialism was a major factor in wars between nations. Economic interests, such as business and trade advantages, are also major factors in wars. Economic and territorial interests are often tied together, since more land usually means a wealthier nation.

Wars were once fought by armies that faced each other in battle. Mounted knights and foot soldiers would fight in close combat. Modern wars are fought at a distance. For example, fighter planes may fly hundreds of miles from aircraft carriers to attack the enemy.

Official language:  Italian

Land area: 116,408 sq mi/301,415 sq km

Population:  59,216,000

Dominant religion:  Christianity

Capital: Rome

Current leader:  Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi

Italy is a country in Europe, surrounded by Switzerland and Austria to the north, Slovenia to the northeast, the Adriatic Sea to the east, the Ionian Sea to the south, the Tyrrhenian Sea to the west and France to the northeast. Italy occupies a distinctive boot-shaped peninsula that juts down into the Mediterranean Sea. Its territory also includes many offshore islands, the largest of which are Sardinia and Sicily.

 Italy was the center of one of the greatest empires that ever existed – the Roman Empire. At its peak, it included all lands bordering the Mediterranean Sea, including parts of North Africa and as far north in Europe as Great Britain. But by the A.D. 600’s the empire had broken up. Italy has preserved many treasures of its past, helping make it one of the world’s leading tourist destinations.

 The country is one of world’s leading industrialized economies and its products and consumer goods are big sellers. Rome, its capital, and Milan are two of the leading fashion centers in the world as well as economic and financial hubs.

 In the years following the fall of Roman Empire, Italy was split up and changed hands frequently, even being conquered by Napoleon Bonaparte for France. By the late-1800’s it had been mostly restored to its present-day boundaries and had even seized parts of East Africa for itself. Although it fought alongside of the Great Britain, France and the United States during
World War I, nationalism rose in the following years, led by Benito Mussolini, who promised to restore the days of the Roman Empire. In 1935, Italy seized control of Albania and 1936, it took control of Ethiopia.  Italy allied itself with Germany and Japan during World War II. Although it initially enjoyed success its military might later proved to be not very close on par with the other main belligerents of the war and it was the first Axis-aligned country to surrender to the Allies. As proof of how much most ordinary Italians were against involvement in the war, most civilians welcomed the invading Allied armies. Mussolini was later captured, tried and hanged.

 After the war, Italy rebuilt its shattered infrastructure and became a global economic power.

The education system in the Greek city-state of Sparta was entirely different, designed to create warriors with complete obedience, courage, and physical perfection. At the age of seven, boys were taken away from their homes to live in school dormitories or military barracks. There they were taught sports, endurance and fighting, and little else, with harsh discipline. Most of the population was illiterate.

The first schools in Ancient Rome arose by the middle of the 4th century BC. These schools were concerned with the basic socialization and rudimentary education of young Roman children. The literacy rate in the 3rd century BC has been estimated as around one percent to two percent. We have very few primary sources or accounts of Roman educational process until the 2nd century BC, during which there was a proliferation of private schools in Rome. At the height of the Roman Republic and later the Roman Empire, the Roman educational system gradually found its final form. Formal schools were established, which served paying students (very little in the way of free public education as we know it can be found). Normally, both boys and girls were educated, though not necessarily together. In a system much like the one that predominates in the modern world, the Roman education system that developed arranged schools in tiers. The educator Quintilian recognized the importance of starting education as early as possible, noting that “memory … not only exists even in small children, but is specially retentive at that age”. A Roman student would progress through schools just as a student today might go from elementary school to middle school, then to high school, and finally college. Progression depended more on ability than age with great emphasis being placed upon a student’s ingenium or inborn “gift” for learning, and a more tacit emphasis on a student’s ability to afford high-level education. Only the Roman elite would expect a complete formal education. A tradesman or farmer would expect to pick up most of his vocational skills on the job. Higher education in Rome was more of a status symbol than a practical concern.

It has been argued that literacy rates in the Greco-Roman world were seldom more than 20 percent; averaging perhaps not much above 10 percent in the Roman empire, though with wide regional variations, probably never rising above 5 percent in the western provinces, and that the literate in classical Greece did not much exceed 5 percent of the population. The argument for these claims is that ancient governments did not invest in public education