This unique fountain has origins date back to ancient Roman times, when it served as the terminal point of the aqueduct Aqua Virgo – which. translates as Virgins Water, deriving from an old Roman legend, which states that a young maiden told a group of Roman soldiers about the source of the water.

They told Emperor Augustus. who immediately ordered an aqueduct be built – 22 kilometer long – specifically lead the water to his thermal baths, scenes from this legend dominating the the upper level of the fountain  in bas-relief. After the fall of the Roman Empire, the fountain fell into a ruinous state,  out of action for almost a 1,000 years, before Pope Nicholas V in 1453 ordered its restoration, after which the name was changed to  the Aqua Vergine aqueduct.

It was during this restoration that the Pope ensured the Roman custom of the endpoint of an aqueduct being a fountain was maintained, insisting that a small, simple basin be built as the terminal point. It was during the reign of Pope Urban VIII that the fountain was thought not dramatic enough, so that famous sculptor Gian Lorenzo Bernini was about to become involved when the Pope died and changes were put off.

Planning began again, 100 years later, for a new fountain on the site, under Roman architect Nicola Salvi. Inspired by the sketches left by Bernini, he took 30 years to finish the fountain before it stood completed in year 1762, becoming known then as the Trevi fountain, not only the  largest Baroque fountain in Rome, but highly regarded as the most beautiful one in the old city. 

Perhaps one of most striking features of this fountains is the fact that it stands a massive 25 m tall by 20 m wide, built in a small square that makes the size even more imposing to the onlooker. Theme of the fountain is both the taming of, and the power thundering water, tumbling over rocks and petrified vegetation, in what some call the greatest show you can ever look at it.  

Dominated by a several large statues, central to the fountain is the Roman god of the water and the seas, Neptune – also known as Poseidon in Greek mythology – standing in a large shell chariot, pulled by two sea horses, one of which is calm and submissive, the other is impatient and restless, symbolizing the fluctuating moods of the oceans.

The horses are guided by tritons, mermaid-like creatures forming the marine divinities escort of Greek mythology, adding add symbolic meaning to the fountain – the contrast in mood and poses – as well as providing symmetrical balance.

Any visitor will see lots of coins, stemming from the tradition of throwing a coin into the fountain to ensured a future return to Rome, one modern slice of folklore saying that throwing two coins into the water leads to new romance, while three ensure either marriage or divorce. Sources estimate that 3,000 coins get thrown in daily, collected each morning and donated to charity. The Trevi Fountain is much more than just a fountain – a fantastic work of baroque art, regarded as a true jewel of water and stone, and a hugely popular tourist destination.

Ancient History

Report by Loiriam Jimenez

An ancient history is history from the beginning of writing to the Early Middle Ages. It took roughly five thousand years, with Cuneiform script, the oldest discovered form of connected writing, from the proto-writing period around 30th century BC. This is the beginning of history, as opposed to prehistory, according to the most historians used the definition.

The term classical antiquity is often used to refer to history in the Old World from the beginning of recorded Greek history in 776 BC (First Olympiad). This roughly occurs during the same time with the traditional date that Rome founded in 753 BC, the beginning of the history of ancient Rome, and the beginning of the archaic period in Ancient Greece.

In India used the early period of the Middle Kingdoms and in China used the Qin Dynasty that time. 

                                     Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew from a small agricultural community founded on the Italian peninsula in the 9th century BC, to a large empire straddling the Mediterranean Sea. The Roman Empire stretched across Western Europe and the area surrounding the Mediterranean Sea through the conquest and assimilation. While expanding the empire, the Romans also gathered a wealth of information and knowledge about the areas they conquered. This knowledge was spread through the writings of the famous geographers like Pliny the Elder of ancient Rome. His book ‘Historia Naturalis’ Which was published in 77AD, became an important reference work. THis greatest contribution made by Rome in history of exploration was the increased contact between the people of the Mediterranean, and those living in Northern Europe and the British Isles. The great Julius Caesar played a very important role in this, with his expeditions to France and Britain. The Romans also increase the West’s knowledge of Asia and Africa with their conquests Military expeditions brought back new geographic knowledge to Rome. In short, the conquests of Rome not only added to the glory of the empire, but also added to their storehouse of knowledge about distant lands waiting to be explored.

Population: 4 million

Rome is the capital and largest of Italy. The city is located in the central-western portion of the country. Within the center of Rome lies Vatican City, the world’s smallest independent country.

 Rome is one of the most-visited cities in the world. It is a leading center for culture, history and arts. It has long been admired for its preservation of historical landmarks and monuments, particularly the Colosseum, one of the world’s oldest structures. The city receives an estimated 30 million tourists a year. In 1960, Rome hosted the Summer Olympics.

 The city’s history dates back as long as 2,500 years. It was the capital city of the Roman Kingdom, the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire, growing from a small city-state to a gigantic empire which encompassed nearly all of Western Europe and the lands bordering the Mediterranean for over seven hundred years from the 1st century BC until the 7th century AD and the city is regarded as one of the birthplaces of western civilization. Since the 1st century AD Rome has been the seat of the Papacy and, after the end of Byzantine domination, in the 8th century it became the capital of the Papal States, which lasted until 1870. In 1871 Rome became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy and has been the capital of Italy ever since. After the end of World War I, Fascist leader Benito Mussolini took power, pledging to return Rome to its former greatness and allied the country with Nazi Germany. The interwar period saw a rapid growth in the city’s population, eventually surpassing 1,000,000 inhabitants. In World War II, due to its status of an open city, Rome largely escaped the tragic destiny of other European cities, but was occupied by the Germans following its surrender to the Allies. It was liberated by Allied forces June 1944. After the war, the city grew momentously, as one of the driving forces behind the Italian economic miracle of post-war reconstruction and modernization.

Man has always loved entertainment. Since the beginning of civilization there were magicians, acrobats, tamer of wild animals and clowns to entertain people. In ancient Greece were maintained races of chariots, in China there were circus acrobats, and in Egypt, tamer of wild animals.

The first circuses were very different from one today. They were held in ancient Rome, and performances were held in a big arena called “Circus Maximus”.  The arena was built in the 3rd century BC, and later was expanded until it could accommodate over 150 000 spectators. The main attraction was the chariot races, and beetwen races the audience was entertained by acrobats, players on the ropes and riders.
Romans visited these circuses just as we now go to the circus or fair. There were people who were selling bread, wine and various other merchandise. Entrance was free.

The Romans maintained and various other shows, which eventually became part of what we now call circus performances with magicians, acrobats, tamers of wild animals and the players on a rope. There are even bears who knew how to box. One of best attractions was when skilled riders rode on two horses at once, jumping from one to the other in full gallop.

In the Middle Ages, they weren’t organized but the circus performance group wandered around displaying their skills.

 In 1768 Englishman Philip Astly founded the first circus that was completely similar to the present. In London, he built a building with a large number of seats and a circular space for artists. He is the founder of modern circus.

And between game matches you can upgrade your character. First time around you don’t have a weapon, so you have to scuttle around the grounds to find something strewn about, and then you can force off other gladiators weapons and turn the tables on them! 
However, I did get bored after 15 minutes, because the player does not leave the the Colosseum at all. 
Great though this game is, I don’t intend to buy it, or a new PSP. And I would advise not to buy it new. Wait 6 months ‘” if you can, and get it for half price in the sales!

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This imposing architecture merges from the value that the ancient Greeks attributed to the obelisk term invented by themselves: obelos in ancient Greek means to spit and obeliskos is its diminutive which means literally the tip, Baal’s shaft, a term  hinting for these structures,in the way they are pointing to the sky, embodying the power of magnification.

For the Egyptians were a religious symbol of divinity, for the Romans were a symbol of power, of supremacy, victory for the Renaissance an expressive element of art and architecture so

that the current accommodation date, in large part, to the sixteenth century, and in particular to Pope Sixtus V, to return to the old meaning of imposing obelisks, they erected at the intersections of the streets of his new plan, designed by Domenico Fontana.

The obelisks were worked in the quarry on three sides, the fourth is detached from the rock through the use of wooden wedges inserted in the holes away from each other only slightly, at the same ano entries, were transported, then, by the river .

A trip to Aswan makes us witnesses of this technique, in fact, lies unfinished, still in the quarry, but an obelisk of 41.75 meters, the tallest obelisk has not come down to us, we know only by evidence from ancient Subscriptions: Pharaoh Thutmose III built it up and he was well 57 meters.

The obelisks that the pharaohs rose generally in pairs at the entrance of the temple, carrying the inscription engraved on the four sides with the titles of the Protocol, the epithets sovereign, the dedication to the gods, the cartouche of Pharaoh, what, this, that it has allowed to be dated; were constructed for the divine protection and the strength of the Sun God, sometimes even to thank him for a victory.

Herodotus believed them to be real symbols of the sun and were, therefore, the expression of power, meaning, this, that did not escape the Roman Emperors who wanted to carry them to Rome as a symbol of the greatness of their empire.

This importance continued until the early Middle Ages when, as suddenly, they began to see themselves in the presence of the devil because they were able to survive everything from earthquakes, at the end of the Roman Empire, the looting, the flooding and were still there, it was decided then to cut them down by any means, with fire, with pickaxes and so disappeared from history.

Were found only in the Renaissance, under several cubic meters of earth and the Popes of that time decided to raise them in a complete rebirth in Rome and returned to be a masterpiece of architecture.

A walk in Rome allows you to enjoy all their authority, and the highest is that which stands in Piazza San Giovanni in Laterano, is impressive and enhances the power of Pharaoh, who commissioned it: Thutmose III, is 32.18 meters high and has a base of three meters on each side with a weight of 340 tons; the base and the cross measuring 15 meters in height so the overall height of the monument is over 47 meters, is made ​​of red granite, prized and used at the time only for the exaltation of the magnificence.

This is also the oldest obelisk in Rome, was erected in the fifteenth century BC but was brought to Rome from Thebes in the fourth century AD to decorate the spina of the Circus Maximus.

The second height – 23.20 meters – is the obelisk which is located in Piazza San Pietro, took him to Rome from Heliopolis the Emperor Caligula. He had to use a vessel specially built giant, which then used it as the Emperor Claudius when he built his artificial island port of Ostia making towed out to sea to sink to fill it with concrete to erect above the lighthouse.

On this obelisk has created many popular legends: it was stated that the original ball – a bronze globe – it contained the ashes of Julius Caesar and the cross which surmounted the emblem of the Chigi family that Pope Sixtus V had them fitted on the top instead of the globe , contains a relic, a fragment of the cross of Jesus in papal Rome, then, it was thought that those who had managed to pass under the obelisk, between the lions, he obtained the remission of sins; picturesque and popular funny fantasies!

The obelisk in St. Peter’s Square is an obelisk of very special: it is not covered in Egyptian inscriptions, and even by hieroglyphics because it was built by the ancient Romans, while they were in Egypt, commissioned by the Emperor Caligula.

Around the obelisk there are sixteen oval stones – replaced in the summer of 1968 because the old ones had been worn by the trampling of millions of tourists – who are the elements of a great wind rose that runs around the monument. Then there is a row of round stones, still unreadable: each bore an engraved star sign and the obelisk marking serves as the gnomon, the shadow, the movements of the sun in the Zodiac.

The obelisk that now stands in the Piazza del Popolo is the second oldest in between the obelisks of Rome – with the crankcase exceeds the 36 meters – was built by one of the most powerful and famous pharaohs, Ramses II and was erected at Heliopolis more three thousand years ago and then brought to Rome by Augustus ten years before the birth of Christ and placed on the spina of the Circus Maximus, a place of great audience that received almost four hundred thousand people could glorify the power of the Emperor and admire the majesty of monument round which, for over five centuries, were to be held chariot races.

Another obelisk is a rich history of Deputies and which comes from Heliopolis, dating the age of Psammetichus II – 594/588 BC – and is located in front of the Chamber of Deputies, was led by Augustus with the aim of making a gnomon, that is the style of a giant sundial around 110 meters wide from right to left and 60 meters from top to bottom that stretched in Campo Marzio, a huge square all covered with slabs of travertine containing a complex series of bronze with marks written and zodiac signs, fragments of these materials were found just below the neighboring buildings.

Here, the obelisk functioned as a sundial arranged so as to bring down his own shadow in the exact center of the Ara Pacis on the birthday of Emperor Augustus.

Pliny writes, already thirty years after his installation, that this great clock marked the exact time “… unless it was the land or to move, was that the sun had changed its course …? Allusions sarcastic … or scary?

Accuracy aside, the obelisk was placed in front of Deputies in 1789 and its height is 22 meters without the base, was added at the top, a bronze globe drilled in the center so that the beam of light that had passed through the hole would rest over several notches stuck on the floor of the square to recreate the condition of the sundial.

This new destination – despite the non-functioning – constituted the “astronomical center” of Rome … and then the world by being “Roma Caput Mundi”.

Today the whole of Italy adjusts the clock in Rome.

The wickedly sharp tongue and biting of Pasquino would correct: “… today the whole of Italy adjusts the clock of Deputies …”

Rich in allegory is the obelisk which is located in Piazza della Minerva, from Sais, and is the sixth century BC rests on an elephant, and the idea was Bernini who wanted to condense the force, the spirit that you need to succeed in support the weight of wisdom, but in the popular imagination, this had to have a very different reading: he meant the whole weight of the criticism, pressures and bitter morsels that Bernini had endured years of his life and is not a If the elephant Please give your own behinds at the Dominican College.

Also on another obelisk Bernini settled by adopting an original decorative solution: on a rock, placed in the Fountain of the Rivers, is the obelisk of the Piazza Navona in Rome that was built by Domitian in imitation of Egyptian obelisks – are also imitations hieroglyphics – perhaps to glorify the great elliptical piazza, in his time, was a famous circus where chariot ran (the square still retains the shape of the circus because the buildings are built on the remains of the arches of the circus itself). The gossips of the time found a welcome occasion celebrating the presence of many brothels, the people’s voice, the voice of God?

Even the Emperor Hadrian wanted the obelisk, is what is on the Pincio, but, unlike the others does not represent the symbol of the power of the Empire, but an honor dedicated to a child: that Antinous, who died prematurely in an accident, knew how to entertain with his grace and his grace the complex life of an emperor.

An imitation of the imperial age is what is coming from the Trinita dei Monti and the ruins of the gardens of Sallust, is relatively small but happily harmonized with the surrounding space, so as not to seem too bulky, it has absolutely nothing of Egypt, being a ‘by Roman imperial laid before the Church of Trinita dei Monti at the behest of Pope Pius VI.

The obelisk of Santa Maria Maggiore is the twin of that later erected in Piazza del Quirinale, the one and the other coming from the mausoleum of Augustus in the ancient Campus Martius.

Placed it in front of the Basilica, the architect Domenico Fontana in the sixteenth century, commissioned by Pope Sixtus V.

In each of these obelisks is a story that dates back thousands of years of civilization but also in modern times, even very recent, or has been erected and is one that is opposite to the Olympic Stadium at the behest of Mussolini.

Behind this monument, which is now part of our recent history, there was a big job because it is composed of two overlapping blocks that were dug in the quarries of Carrara, as in antiquity, and then transported on sleds aboard special ships who had to wait for the flood of the Tiber to ascend the river and allow the definitive work of raising.

The significance of obelisks has also attracted foreign countries with a real contest between the European capitals: London was placed a colossal obelisk that was said to have the obelisk of Cleopatra, was erected in 1877 along the banks of the Thames.

Paris also wanted the obelisk was to Luxor in Egypt, was built on the orders of Ramesses II, more than three thousand years ago and is taller than 19 meters, this obelisk was not alone, there is another twin who remained in Egypt. That of Paris gave it to France Mohamed Ali Pasha in 1819 together with a series of statues of Ramses II who are now in the Louvre.

It was raised in the same year in the middle of Place de la Concorde in the Bois de Vincennes and has become a point of reference for all Parisians.

But the Americans could not be outdone and took their obelisk and we were able to bring one who raised at Central Park in 1889, but this obelisk has a curious history: it was erected at least three times in history; initially soared in Egypt as a symbol of power then, when the Romans occupied Egypt, was taken down and transported to Alexandria in Egypt where he raised and, finally, the Americans took him across the ocean.

In Rome there are other less rich in history and obelisks are not monolithic but exert equally attractive to look down and the presumption of being able to touch the sky.

Vengeance is about at hand, afterwards that freaking appointment endure adventure 9, I anticipate you should not absence or you should Watch Spartacus Vengeance Episode 10 : Wrath of Gods (Finale) Online this advancing Friday, March 30th. The Wrath of Gods adventure is ambagious in the faculty that who’ll ache added on this division afterpiece of the Spartacus Avengement division 1? is it the Romans or the rebels headed by Spartacus?. But even so, this will be a abiding ablaze one as the all out war already amorphous endure adventure 9. My predictions was appropriate afterwards all, the two praetors (Glaber and Varinius) are at the aforementioned purpose and that is to put Spartacus to amends including his adolescent rebels.

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The avengement of Spartacus and his adolescent unchained disciplinarian adjoin the Roman Republic still continues and as time goes by; their avengement is accepting a acceptable aftereffect afterwards all. Even admitting they are few in numbers, well, they can still accompany damaged to the Romans little by little until it will absolutely collapse. Phew, I anticipate you got to see the next chapter of this appearance as it will accept added claret blood-soaked scenes than the antecedent appearance as it will be advantaged “Monsters”. On March 23, 2012, you can now Watch Spartacus Vengeance Season 02 Episode 09 : Monsters Online Stream HD and have fun enjoy the show.

One of the issues is the lack of thought about the attempt at leading the country under a set government. When The United States finished the Revolutionary war they instituted the Articles of Confederation. (Sage) This created the first ever government for the United States and had shown its faults after they used it in practice. The Articles ineffectiveness lead to more thinking about how the government should be and for a better way of running the country. Most city states in Greece where a oligarchy before the discovery of democracy. (Period) The oligarchy that was presented was the first government for most of the City states before any switch and most had shown that they where not very effective. This ineffectiveness of the oligarchy was the indicator that the Greeks needed to show them that they required a better form of government. The revolution against the last Etruscan king lead to the formation of the roman republic. (Republic) The people of Rome realized that under the Etruscan king their government was lacking so they changed the government into a more favorable one. The king was not the most effective system of government that the Romes could have and they know that because they overthrew him. All of the governments that the nations used first where shown to be faulty. . They all saw how ineffective their first government was and how they needed to get rid of it to install a better government. The Untied States and the Greeks where trying out the government for the first time and, seeing the faults in their government, where able to come up with a better government. Rome ,however, kept their king government for a while before they realized that they could create a better government that would be better. The faults of the first government that each civilization had where used to help find a better government that would be able to work under the needs of each government.

Another issue of the formation of the three governments was how they formatted their each government. The United States used the Revolutionary war to help develop the United State’s democracy.(Barefoot) The way the United States had been under the British government during and before the war was so bad that it lead to them not adopting a government like the British. The Revolution brought about new thinking for the Americans in the area of government and that new thinking was the democracy of the United States. Cleisthenes was looking for a way to unify the rich and the poor.(Begins)This sought after unification between rich and poor will indirectly lead to the formation of the Greek government because it was the best way to unify the Greeks even if Cleisthenes didn’t know it. The rich and the poor difference was so big that if a change was going to be made it would be a big one and the switch to democracy was a huge difference in the Greek society. In 509 B.C. the Roman leaders expelled the Etruscan kings out of Rome through rebellion.(Civilization) The way that the Etruscan kings had ruled Rome made the Romans shy away from the government of Kings and switch to the government of a Republic. Only through rebellion do the Romans realize that they need a better form of government and they found that the best one for them is the Roman Republic. Every government had the issue of how they where lead to the direction of formatting their special government. The United States and the Roman government both used a revolution to win their own government and they also used their previous government as an example on how not to govern their country. Also it led them closer to the government they established. In Greek there was no giant rebellion against a leader and is different to Roman and the United States by only having reforms to go into a democracy. The way each government was formed was both high and excited through rebellion and calm and clear through simple reforms.

The last, but most important, issue is the leadership of the new government after abolishing the old leader. The leader of the United States after the revolutionary war was George Washington.(Sage) Due to Washington’s knowledge he was the perfect candidate for leading the new country after it had won its independence against the British. He could have been a dictator like the British had done to the American’s earlier on ,but because of his expansive knowledge and power he realized that it would cause the new country to spiral into a deep hole where it would never recover. The leader of Greece during the formation of Greek Democracy was Cleisthenes. (Begins) Cleisthenes’ reforms helped create the Greek Democracy by trying to unify the growing money difference between the rich and the poor. Cleisthenes made many different contributions to the Greek Democracy, yet none of them were specific to the formation of the democracy because he didn’t know that he was making the Greek Democracy. After the Etruscan Kings had been abolished, Rome gave power to two consuls.(Republic) The two new consuls where able to do much more for Rome than the Etruscan Kings where doing allowing for the formation of the Roman Republic. The consuls’ joint efforts allowed for two different opinions for the Roman Government allowing a better prospering Roman republic. Each nation had leadership that allowed it to prosper under its new government. The United States and the Greeks had a definite leader that was used while Rome using two Consuls where each one was as important as the other. As each nation grew in strength it required the great leadership from the leaders it had established.

The main issues that influenced each nation caused much power and growth once the nation overcame its issues. Without overcoming the issues that were put at hand, the nation may have became unimportant to other world issues. As the nation would have became unimportant the History as the world knew would not be the same. Yet each nation was able to overcome the main issues and prosper to become very important world powers at their time in history. Many nations have borrowed from these great nations and have used them to further there own nation. They are a great example on how to handle certain issues that they have encountered and they are used as very important roles in history. People learn from these great nations successes and failures to help not make the same mistake twice. One could only wonder what history could have looked like had one of these great nations would have not be able to overcome its issues and had became forgotten in history.

Works Cited

“Democracy Begins at Athens.” Department of Foreign Languages & Literatures.

Web. 26 Feb. 2012. .

“Early Rome and the Roman Republic, 800-146 B.C.E.” Civilization in the West. Web. 26 Feb. 2012. .

Sage, Henry J. “America under the Articles of Confederation: 1783–1789.” Academic American History. Web. 26 Feb. 2012. .

“THE ARCHAIC PERIOD.” Archaic Period. University Press Inc, 2008. Web. 26 Feb. 2012. .

“The Articles of Confederation – 1777.” Barefoot’s World. Web. 26 Feb. 2012. .

“The Roman Republic.” The Roman Empire. Web. 26 Feb. 2012. .