Global warming is projected to have immense effects on freshwater and wetland ecosystems, according to a report by a team of scientists led by a biologist from Colorado State University.

The climate change, which many researchers believe to be inevitable, could be devastating to trout, salmon and several species of aquatic plants and animals.

In a report titled “Aquatic Ecosystems and Global Climate Change,” researchers forecast substantial shifts in fish habitats, decreasing water quality and disappearing wetlands. According to the study, rivers, lakes and wetlands may be seriously affected by the predicted global warming trend.

In particular, cold-water fish such as trout and salmon are projected to suffer substantially and disappear from large areas of their current geographic range. Some species attempting to flee warmer waters by migrating north or to higher elevations may become extinct due to natural or man-made barriers blocking their routes.

1. American men come to India,
2. American women go to Italy.
3. English men come to America,
4. English women go to India.
5. French men come to England,
6. French women go to America.
7. Indian men come to Germany,
8. Indian women  go to America.
9. Italian men come to India,
10. Italian women go to America.
11. German men come to India,
12. German women go to America.
13. People belonging to America are called Americans.
14. They speak American English.
15. People belonging to England are called English.
16. They speak British English.
17. people belonging to France are called French.
18. They speak French.
19. People belonging to India are called Indians.
20. They speak Hindi ,English and many other  languages.
21. People belonging to Germany are called Germans.
22. They speak German.
23. People belonging to Italy are called Italians.
24. They speak Italian.

LANUGAGE

The Korowai language belongs to Awyu-Dumut family which is the language of South East Papua. An English linguistic expert has now prepared its grammar and dictionary.

HABITATATION

The majority of Korowai people lives on houses prepared on the trees. There residential area is totally separate from the rest of the village. They do not like to go any where from their residential area. But, when they related to the civilized world and especially the European people established many villages from the residence where they provided all the possible facilities, even then they did not move from their place. But from 1980s few Korawai people started shifting to these new villages in Yaniruma. But there number was very less. These villages are been established at the shores “Mu” and “Mbasman” of River Becking, which is not very far away from their own area.

In 1987 a village was established at Manggel, in 1988 second village was established at Yafufla, in 1989 a village named Mabul was established at the shores of River Eilanden and in 1998 another village was established at Khaiflambolup. In short these villages were prepared for Korowai people but in response they did not show the enthusiasm that was expected. This is due to this indifferent attitude that many villages are still shown empty.

The basic reason for that may be that these colonies are situated far away from the resources of food (Sago). In the local language the word “Sago” is used for food.

ECONOMY

The Korowai people are basically hunters and fulfill their appetite by hunting. They also do gardening and now gradually diverting towards yielding crop. The Korowai people are conscious of the importance of protein from the beginning and therefore they hunt animals and are very expert in fishing. They fulfill their requirements of proteins from the above-mentioned food.

What business Korowai people do? And what they sell or buy? The information regarding this is very little and not enough. There are special ways in Korowai tribe to carry out the daily chores of life for instance “Sago” means the responsibility of preparing food is of adult youngsters. They not only collect food but also prepare it. Likewise whatever religious ceremonies they celebrate according to their beliefs, youngsters also play their role in these ceremonies. There is no role of women in these types of ceremonies.

Some Korowai people started works which provided them little cash income. But this income was so-called. Such local inhabitants started work with tourist companies. They guided the tourists and serve them in every way. It means they can get both financial and materialistic benefits from their touring industry. These opportunities are on very limited scale for now. Local guides makes the tourists visit these villages and host them quite well. They also organize local “Sago” invitations for tourists, take their wares from one place to another and simultaneously show them traditional and ancient shows, which they perform themselves.

In the history of Korowai tribe, once for limited time (from around 1996 to 1999) anarchy prevails there. The basic reason was that the very precious wood (Agarwood) of this village, which is also called (gaharu) in the local language was started moving outside illegally. Actually the thing was that some outsiders or smugglers, who were aware of the value of this wood, started cutting the valuable wood of this jungle. Innocent Korowai people could not do anything against them and silently watched their valuable natural resource looting by looters. The value of this wood can be guessed by the fact that any buyer used to pay around 4 dollars for one kilogram of gaharu wood. Likewise this valuable “gaharu” wood reached the markets of Europe and Middle East, where one thousand dollars per kilogram of this valuable wood were also sought. The smuggling of this wood was also carried out by way of Southern shore “Agats” and also from “Jayapura” at the Northern shore.  Help from missionary planes was also sought for this purpose which used to arrive and depart from “Yaniruma” and “Boma”. The control of “Gaharu” trading was under the army and army was running this business.

The valuable wood of Papua jungles was sent outside. Along with this loss, there was greater loss that the trading of “body selling” increased to greater extents, which played an important role in prevailing Aids in the whole Papua.

MARRIAGES

Here also like other civilized nations of the world, a parental system is established, in which father is the leader of the house and he runs the entire social, economical and political affairs.  The polygamy tradition is also established in this tribe but normally they do not marry with the blood relations. Now they started preferring marriage with cousins from maternal side.

SOCIAL LIFE

Here the leadership structure based on ancient times i.e. any powerful person becomes the leader of the tribe with respect to his personal traits and capabilities. There is no role of any organization in this leadership. The fighting among tribes starts specifically due to disputes related to casting magical spells.

RELIGIOUS LIFE

The belief of Korowai tribe is that this whole universe is full of every type of spirits, in which some spirits are more special and harmonious to each other as compared to other spirits. Especially homage is paid to spirits of forefathers. According to Korowai tribe belief, the “Ginol Silamtena” is the spirit of the creator of this universe. But Korowai people neither give any importance to it in their daily lives nor do they accept that there is any role of it in their daily lives. It is essential for each and every person of Korowai tribe to arrange a special dinner once in his life time. According to their faith prosperity and growth occurs due to this dinner party.

In order to evade the difficult time these people altar the pet pig for their forefather’s spirits.

Korowai people are keepers of extraordinary and valuable customs, which includes their ghostly stories, folk tales, magical sayings and spells and ancient customs of natural feats.

In respect to death and life after death, Korowai people believe that in return of the acts of a person, he has to come again in this world. The people, who have gone from their tribes after death and now living in the world of spirits, any one of those spirits can sent his relative again in this world and that person will rebirth in the shape of any new born in their tribe.

COORDINATION WITH EUROPE

In the end of the 1970 decade, few Christian (Protestants Missionaries) started living with Korowai people. In the decade of 1980 an Indonesian human expert Dea Sudarman prepared many documentaries for Japanese Television.

In 1993 a film crew had arranged a research study in the “Dio Village”. The main theme of this study was “The houses made on trees and man-eating”. The Korowai people were presented negatively in this case study, which led to the creation of film “Lords of Garden”.

In 1996 a local Christian Community was established, which consists of members from the neighborhood tribe “Kombai”. For the long time it has been thought that Korowai people are fundamentalists in their beliefs and will never divert to any other religion and will resist against such efforts. Hence many people accepted Christianity in the end of 1990 decade and formally entered in this religion.

In the autumn of 2003 a small team of Bible Translators reached in Yaniruma and started their work.

In May 2006 a tour guide Paul Riffle led the crew team of Australian T.V. Show “60 Minutes” in order to prepare a special report on this tribe and their people. After few days of filming a man reached the crew team and claimed that his six year nephew “Wa-Wa” had been accused of becoming a sorcerer (Kakua). He was in great danger, since he could be killed and eaten. But the crew team of “60 Minutes” refused to help that person. But afterward Paul Riffle contacted his opponent “Seven Network”, who agreed to send a “Today Tonight” crew in order to take “Wa-Wa” out of this area.

But, before these people could reach this area, the Indonesian higher authorities deported all the officials from “Jayapura” on the issue of Visa.

MAN-EATING

One of the reports about Korowai people was received that they still eat human flesh. But human experts say that it does not happen now, since these people are in constant coordination with outer people and it is also revealed in the latest reports that false stories has been spread in order to proliferate tourism.

In 2006 a T.V. show “60 Minutes” claimed that when anybody is accused of becoming a sorcerer “Khakhua” in the Korowai society and on proving the crime he was beaten harshly, hanged and afterwards eaten. In this regard many uncertified claims were also made that the brain of a person is eaten immediately while the corpse is still hot and that pregnant women and children are not involved in this eating.

WAY OF CONTSTRUCTION

Korowai houses are made on height, for which higher wood pillars are fixed on the land initially. This way has been going on since past, in order to keep the houses safe from water and flood. Secondly these houses remain away from the reach of the invaders. This step is specifically taken for the safety of children and women; otherwise the conqueror tribe either makes women and children their slave or kills and eats them.

The thick, high and strong pillars of iron wood in one way keep the houses safe from fire too, otherwise the strategy of invader is to fire the houses made of wood, grass and straw, which compels the residents to come out of their houses due to smoke and suffocation and thus invaders arrest them. Iron wood is that hard and solid wood, which does not catch fire easily.

These people are living in the ancient past in spite of living in the present and are not ready to change themselves. But efforts are going on and it is hopeful that soon these people will change their present state by entering in the present.

By Muhammad Irfan Zafar

Content Writer

    This article is a small sample of things that would change if Marijuana was decriminalized.

An American Citizen is charged for a Marijuana related crime every 30 seconds. There were 1,663,582 marijuana related arrests in 2009 (13.0 percent of the total arrests in 2009)

“The U.S. federal government spent over $15 billion dollars in 2010 on the War on Drugs, at a rate of about $500 per second.” Said drugsense.org

Can you believe that? That would cost the Fed 1.5 trillion over the next 100 years. And that’s just at the Federal level; local governments also spend money cracking down on Marijuana. This requires larger police forces, larger jails, and of course, the problem of people being locked up for possessing a dried flower. 

    Additionally, if you didn’t stop at decriminalization, and allowed for it to be sold under local restrictions like alcohol and tobacco, the expected tax revenue federally would be 6.2 billion annually. That’s 0.62 trillion in 100 years… That equals a 2.1 trillion federal savings over 100 years, without counting inflation.

    That 2.1 trillion could be used to help pay for our huge debt, and help balance budgets for States and other local governments. And I’m not including the commercial and tax benefits of Hemp, that’s a separate but similar issue. Because Marijuana “Cannabis” is the drug, and Hemp, a rope like byproduct derived from Marijuana that cannot be used as a drug… The economic benefits of Hemp are much larger than Cannabis, because it is likely to replace cotton as the main material for fabric, replace trees for paper, as ass produce more than 5000 other products. (To learn more about Hemp, Read http://socyberty.com/issues/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-hemp/ )

In conclusion, decriminalizing Marijuana would have many great benefits for our economy, people, and environment. 

An American poet and soldier Joyce Kilmer wrote a poem entitled “Trees” sometime in 1914. It was his most popular poem which was included in his collection “Trees and other poems (1914)”. Joyce Kilmer was born on December 6, 1886 in New Brunswick, New Jersey. When the United States declared war against Germany in the Second World War in 1917 Kilmer enlisted in the Seventh Regiment in New York National Guard. He died from a sniper bullet in France in July 30, 1918 at a young age of 31. Below is Joyce Kilmer’s poem “Trees”.

                                           “I think that I shall never see

                                            A poem lovely as a tree.

                                            A tree whose hungry mouth is prest

                                            Against the earth’s sweet flowing breast;

                                            A tree that looks at God all day,

                                            And lifts her leafy arms to pray;

                                            A tree that may in Summer wear

                                            A nest of robins in her hair;

                                            Upon whose bosom snow has lain;

                                             Who intimately lives with rain.

                                             Poems are made by fools like me,

                                             But only God can make a tree.”

The tree is one of God’s most beautiful creations. The greens that we see in our surroundings are sign of life. Trees and other plants sustain life, and without them no life can exist on earth. Trees and plant need water, sunlight and carbon dioxide in order to survive. The plants harness the energy of the sunlight to turn water and carbon dioxide into glucose, its food. That process is called photosynthesis on which a waste product called oxygen is created. The plants and trees play an important role for our survival by absorbing carbon dioxide, the waste gas, and giving us oxygen, the fresh air that we breathe.

The earth at present is experiencing a phenomenon called global warming.  It is caused by the accumulation of greenhouse gases such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and ozone in the atmosphere. Solar radiation penetrates the earth. Some amount of the re-radiated heat escapes into space while remaining re-radiated heat is reflected back to earth. If there is too much accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, there is less re-radiated heat that escapes into the atmosphere and more amount of re-radiated heat is reflected back to earth which causes its surface temperature to rise. As a result there is a change in climate, and the weather pattern is altered which will result in coastal flooding and more frequent and severe storms.

Some of the significant causes of global warming are the excessive use of fossil fuel and deforestation. These activities added so much greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Global warming or its effect could have been averted or minimized had man not destroyed much of the earth’s forest cover. Lesser trees and plants and too much dependence of fossil fuel means more carbon dioxide that will accumulate as greenhouse gas in the atmosphere.

At present there is less remaining forest cover on earth. Areas devastated by typhoons and flashfloods are usually places where trees in the nearby forests and mountains are destroyed. Trees prevent flashflood by absorbing rain water into the soil and prevent soil erosion that causes siltation in the river. Deforestation also destroys the ecosystem and as a result of it some plants and animals die and others will eventually become extinct.                                                                                                              

People can make amazing inventions and make their city become economically prosperous. But if they do not take care for the environment and protect and preserve what God has given them like the trees in the forest, then they are bound to experience bad things to happen like climate change and other destructive phenomena.

[youtube=www.youtube.com/watch?v=ANu7q9z13wU]

So, here it is Winter, Christmas is over, and we’re looking towards New Year’s, and the sun can’t make up its mind whether to come out or stay inside because of the cold; however, it is wonderful and a great day for a walk!

The clouds part, and then come back, allowing a sometimes glimpse of the wonderful sun.

Bright, but not warm, the sky is full of light.

Bare trees against a blue and cloudy sky.

A lone mallard in a holding pond up on the hill where I was walking.

Swimming in this great serene location, alone.

The sun hides behind the stark trees.

Another pond, in the marshlands, I found this mallard with quite a few other ducks.

This must be the equivalent of the bus tours to see the stars’ homes.

A mallard and his mate enjoying the bright sun.

Again, the holding pond, without any ducks, but the sun is still beautiful!

I enjoyed the walk, and look forward to another sunny, cold day this season.

PTR December 30, 2011

In fact, not infrequently from the original spruce up synthetic always adorned in this celebration of the birth of Jesus Christ.

But at Tristar culinary school Culinary Institute (TCI) makes Train Santa Claus. The unique material used is bread. The results of the hand pieces on display at the mall Pujasera Royal Surabaya. According to Michael Indarta, Lecturer TCI Train Santa Clause of this bread as high as 185 centimeter. It was to be exhibited to visitors and at the same time enliven Christmas Day.

“The train Santa Claus is on display starting on December 22 until the beginning of the new year,” said Michael as he calls these bread only last up to 2 weeks. He explained that the Santa Claus Train Bread making is not alone but assisted by 4 His students. While the time required to reach 4 to 6 hours. Cheif Miko also revealed that this bread strong durable embryo and then the material bread and cream made from materials stereofom intentionally.

“Hopefully with this bread on display, though not eaten, but at least able to attract the attention of visitors,” said Miko. Cash only, brainchild of Miko and 4 His students drew the attention of a number of visitors in the region. They admire the cake with the dominance of Red and White colors.

In pre roman britain Christmas as such was not celebrated, true that Druids held mistletoe as sacred, simply because it grew on trees with having any roots of its own. The Druids were astronomers ,mathematicians, as well as poets and bards.So first question : would they have seen the cosmic revelation announcing the birth of Christ.

It was spotted in the east by learned maegi: they might have even been from as far away as China. it is reported that they visited the Christ child in Bethlehem, but this was many weeks after the birth.Also possibly there was more than three wise men; it would have been difficult to travel thousands of miles following a cosmic phenomenum without logistic back up.The shepherds are another anomaly for a start they would not have been out in the fields during the winter months. So it is feasible that Christ was born in the spring time. Angels well they can appear at any time,so no problem there.

In pre-roman Brython, the natives celebrated Samhain which was the end of their fertile year and the descent into the darker non fertile months of winter. The Romans brought with them the celebration of “Saturnalia” where decorations were hung. During the Roman occupation, christianity came to Brython. the Celtic monks who traveled the country heard of all these celebrations and in order to convert the population to Christianity, gradually assimilated Christian events into the celebrations and events of the non christian community.There for Christ was born at the time of winter celebrations ,whether it was that time or not. The established church: by church I mean organised religion: assimilated the story of christianity into and onto the existing religious practises. I beleive that there are many things written about Christ and Christianity kept hidden from us, just as it was in ancient times. There are many books,parchments and such like hidden away in secret, from the eyes of us the so called ignorant peasants who cant possibly understand it all.

Christmas as we know it really began in victorian and edwardian times. Medieval scenes of festive celebrations became De Rigeur,Christmas as seen through rose tinted spectacles. We put up christmas trees festooned with lights, hang holly and ivy round our fire places etc and still call it a predominatly christian festival. Yet all our trees ,decorations are all “Pagan” in origin. Strange isnt it?

Anyway have a beautiful Christmas, dont stress about the money or gifts, enjoy the season and share good times with friends and family.

The interactional function serves to ensure social maintenance. Communicative acts which allow humans to establish social contact and keep communication open is part of the interactional function of language. Keys to social exchange like knowledge and use of slang, jokes, folklore, cultural mores, politeness, etiquette, and other formalities are interactional functions.

The personal function allows a speaker to express feelings, emotions, personality, or “gut-level” reactions. A person’s individuality is usually characterized by his or her use of the personal function of language.

The heuristic function involves using language to acquire knowledge, or to learn about the environment. Here knowledge stresses the issue or asks “why” as in scientific research law, medicine.

The instrumental function serves to manipulate the environment, to cause certain events to happen. Sentences such as “The court finds the defendant guilty” ; “Mark time, march!” are examples of the instrumental function of language.

The regulatory function is associated with control of events, not so much the “unleashing” of power as the maintenance of control. “I pronounce you guilty and sentence you to ten years in prison” serves as instrumental function, but the sentence “Upon good behavior you will be eligible for parole in ten months” has a regulatory function. Approval, disapproval, behavior control, setting laws and rules-these serve regulatory function.

The imaginative function is linked with the creation of imaginary systems or ideas such as telling fairy tales, joking, writing novels, and other creative intellectual efforts. Language is used for the sheer pleasure of using it as in poetry, tongue twisters, or puns. Through this function one can create impossible dreams. The imaginary function is similar to the connotative or suggestive aspect of poetry. ###

The story which centers on the tribal wars of the early American Indians, is an inspiration to young people to develop in themselves a sense of respect for the past; to foster the values of love, peace, understanding, and compassion especially for the cultural minorities.

Setting: The time is the Aboriginal Period or the Prehistoric Past on the Red Pipestone Quarry located on the southern shore of Lake Superior in the region between the Pictured Rocks and the Grand Sable (the great sand-dunes), a long stretch of coast resembling a vast sand-bank without vegetation. Ascending to the top (more than 350 feet high) one would be able to view occasional clumps of trees standing out like oases in a desert.

SUMMARY:

Gitche Manito (Master of Life) stood on the precipice of the Red Pipestone Quarry and called on the Indian nation. From the red stone he fashioned a huge pipe, then blew its fumes over every corner of the world. Thus was born the peace-breathing calumet which shed its smoke over the Indian land (which had been ravaged by tribal wars) and soothed the savage’s fury— to lessen their disposition to war in order to achieve peace. He advised the warriors to bury their war-clubs, the hatchet, and other weapons; henceforth, to “live as brothers live together. 

Implications of the Legend:

(1) Peace is the order of the day, any day.(2) Peace is always the best option: the only alternative to peace is peace.(3) If our weapons of war are never used, they have achieved their finest goal. (4) Aggression (savagery) unchecked or unopposed ultimately leads to violence or war.(5) World peace has only one requirement: that people live together in mutual tolerance. (6) A war much prepared for has a very good chance of being eventually fought.(7) A nation that lifts up the sword against a nation is like the man who strikes his brother in anger.(8) War is hell. It is ugly, violent and futile, so peace must be preserved at all costs.(9) Weapons are an important factor in war, but it is life that counts. (10) It takes more self-discipline and courage to keep peace than to wage war.(11) War or violence lives in ourselves, hence our obligation to discipline the savage in us. (12) It is not enough to talk about peace: one must work for it.

The message of peace in the legend finds duplication in Robert E. Lee’s letter to his son George Washington C. Lee (1861) : ” A Union that can only be maintained by swords and bayonets, and in which strife and civil war are to take the place of brotherly love and kindness, has no charm for me.” Abraham Lincoln (1865) echoed a similar sentiment: “Let us strive to bind up the nation’s wounds… to cherish a just and lasting peace, among ourselves and with all nations.” ###