The primary goal of World Civilizations is to gift a very world history—from the event of agriculture and herding to the current. employing a distinctive periodization, this book divides the most periods of human history per changes within the nature and extent of world contacts.

This world world history text emphasizes the main stages within the interactions among totally different peoples and societies, whereas at a similar time assessing the event of major societies. Encompassing social and cultural also as political and economic history, the book examines key civilizations in world history. World Civilizations balances this discussion of freelance developments within the world’s major civilizations with comparative analysis of the results of world contact.

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http://extabit.com/file/2davng30aeb3o/World_Civilizations.pdf

The French Revolution was a horrible time, but not just because of the terrible things the people did. “Everything must be reformed” was what the French people spoke. What happened prior to the revolution, the reasons for the revolution? The French Revolution did not happen overnight. It happened over the course of years.

            One of the main issues was debt. Louis XIV dug a hug pit of debt to fund his war efforts. The taxes went up and the morale went down. Great Britain was also in a financial downward, but their taxes effected everyone while in France the clergy and nobility were exempted. This was a bad move for France. Its citizens worked hard to earn their money while the nobles did nothing. Another problem was the scarcity of food. Certain crops failed in the 1780s which cause shortages which in turn led to higher prices. Peasants could not afford any more food at these higher prices. During the American Revolution, King Louis XVI helped America during its time of need, but not without a costly coin. These events led to their financial and agricultural crisis.

            “Tax them too!” That is what the citizens cried. In May 1789 the King summon the Estates-General at Versailles – this was the first time since 1614. The Estates-General was a legislative assembly of different classes; clergy, nobles, and the commoners – the Third Estate. There were only three basic votes – one for each class. The reason for summoning the Estates-General was to decide whether the King should tax the nobles and clergy. Since the Estates-General was two-thirds nobles and clergy the act fell through. The Third Estate complained because they represented ninety-seven percent of the population. The Third Estate was enraged and broke away from the bond that tied the nation together, calling themselves the “National Assembly”.

            The French Revolution was about to begin. On July 14, 1789 the Assembly stormed the Bastille prison – Bastille Day. In August the Assembly rid feudalism and wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Man. Paper money was made which led to inflation. In June 1791 the King tried to flee with some nobles, – his flight to Varennes – but was caught. They forced the King to sign a new constitution which gave half of his powers to the National Assembly. The people separated in to their own factions, Feuillants, Girondins, and Jacobins. War was waged on Austria and Prussia. The war did not go so well due to the money it took out of France’s pocket. On January 21, 1793 King Louis XVI was executed by the guillotine. The citizens of France thought by his death the revolution could advance further. The country was in an outburst, the people started to riot and others started counter-revolutions. The Committee of Public Security came under the control of Maimilien Robespierre. The Reign of Terror began. Thousands were killed by the guillotine to “further” the revolution. Many were killed by false accusations of counter-revolutions. Although some were accurate death was completely uncalled for. On July 28, 1794 Maximilien was executed by the guillotine.

 In 1795 a new constitution was made. Executive power was held by five directors appointed annually by a bicameral parliament. The bicameral parliament was made up of 500 representatives and 250 senators. And eventually on November 9, 1799 Napoleon Bonaparte gained power and proclaimed emperor.

            Thus ends the French Revolution and it all started with debt. Debt and bad whether that killed crops revealed the hatred in people. Although the citizen’s intentions seemed right in the beginning, the result of their thoughts of liberation turned out to be tragic. The people formed their “National Assembly” and started their revolt. Innocent lives were killed during the revolution. Even if you looked at someone wrong he could get you killed by accusing you of a counter-revolution. It was a terrible time that we pray never repeats.

1. Osama Bin Laden was not the first to attack the U.S. in its own territory. The “merit” is the Mexican Pancho Villa, who in 1916 crossed the Rio Grande and attacked the town of Columbia, Texas, where it killed seven people. The raid lasted less than ten hours.
2. The three ships of Columbus were actually two. Pinta and Nina. For the third vessel that participated in the discovery of America was other larger boat. Her name was Maria Galante, but Columbus renamed it Santa Maria.
3. The Witches of Salem were not burned at the stake. However do not think they were pardoned. In fact were hanged, which sentence was the penalty that communities and Calvinist Protestants used to dictate to the cases of witchcraft.
4. Napoleon was not so small. In fact, average 1.68 cm., An acceptable height for his time, and even surpassed by 4 cm, the Duke of Wellington, his arch-enemy English.
5. In Casablanca, Bogart never uttered the phrase: “Play it again, Sam.” In fact, the exact phrase is: “Sam Tap, tap ‘As time goes by.” To end up ruining the myth, the actor who played Sam (Dooley Wilson) just sang, because he could not play the piano. The monitoring was built in the studio.
6. The Vikings did not wear helmets with horns. Was the brainchild of Swedish painter Gustav Malstrom in the illustrations he made in 1820 for the epic poem `s Frithiof Saga. The purpose of these horns was unrealistic portrayal of the fierce warriors of the North and almost demonic beings.
7. Hundred years war actually lasted 116 years, from 1337 to 1453, the year in which the kings of England and France (the countries in conflict) brought an end to hostilities.
8. The Boston Strangler, Albert De Salvo, not strangled their victims. At least, not at all. Only in this way killed the first and the remaining twelve killed by blows or stabs.
9. George Washington was not the first U.S. president. When starting the American Revolution in 1714, a committee of notables elected Peyton Randolph, in an improvised manner, to this office. After his resignation, eight individuals served as president until 1789, the year he finally approved the U.S. Constitution and that the first elections were held for the position, in which Washington was finally elected.
10. Walt Disney could not draw and never drew any of his famous characters. For many years it was said that Mickey Mouse had been created for him, but now know that was exclusively the work of cartoonist Ub Wickers who left Disney to share authorship for you to return a favor.

Chris Brazier succeeds in producing a highly informative tome on World History from the Ancient civilizations through to the present day and the challenges of the twenty – first century.

He succicntly describes the expansion and then the decline of Ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome, plus how they still influence the modern world. Brazier also describes the influence that religions in general, and Christianity alongside Islam in particular have had upon global history.

Important chapters include God and the spirit, Greek and Latin, Wars of the cross, not to mention The Radical 20th century. There is also a useful postscript that deals with the impact of 9/11.

Roughly the entries in this dictionary start from 1900 through to the present day. There are entries for countries, individuals, organisations, as well as specific events. Each entry is well researched and well presented, with longer entries for the major powers, the most important people besides the most significant events such as the First World War and the Second World War.

Over all this a useful resource for anybody who is studying world history. Personally I have found it very useful for writing articles.

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Taon 1898 ay isinigaw
Ni General Emilio Aguinaldo
Ang araw ng kasarinlan
Ng bansang Pilipinas
Mula sa bansang Espanya
‘Di maipaliwanag ang kasiyahan
At kaligayahan na naramdaman
Ng ating mga ninuno
Kasabay ang pagwagayway
Ng makasaysayang bandila
Ang simbolo ng pagkakaisa
Ng mga mamamayang Pilipino
Kapalit ng maraming buhay
Na nalagas sa pakikibaka
Laban sa mga mananakop
At nalibing sa lupang hinirang
Na matagal nang nilapastangan
Ng mga banyagang kastila
Isang makasaysayang araw
Na kailan ma’y ‘di malilimutan
Ng bawat Pilipino sa mundo…
 
Ngunit ang Hunyo 12
Ay ‘di lamang para sa mga Pinoy
Marami rin pangyayaring naganap
At naisulat sa kasaysayan ng panahon
Na kailan ma’y ‘di mabubura
Na higit na bayolinte
At mas madugong kaganapan
Na naging sanhi ng pagkitil
Ng maraming buhay at mga pangarap…
 
Taon 1885, Hunyo 12 sa bansang France
Gumuho ang bubungan ng gusali
Na pinagdadausan ng murder trial
At natabunan ang tatlumpung katao
Sila’y namatay ng walang laban…
 
Taon 1889, Hunyo 12, 88 katao
Ang namatay sa Armagh rail disaster
Sa Northern Ireland , na nagdulot
Ng sobrang lungkot at pighati
Sa mga naiwanang pamilya…
 
Taon 1899, ang tornadong New Richmond
Ang pang walong deadliest tornado
Na sumalanta sa United states
At naging dahilan ng pagkamatay
Ng 117 katao at ikinasugat
Ng dalawang-daang katao…
 
Taon 1943, ang Holocaust
Umaga ng Sabado Hunyo 12
1,180 na Jews ang humarap kay kamatayan
Sila’y isa-isang pinagbabaril
Ng walang pakundangan at awa
At sama-samang inilibing…
 
Taon 1978, Hunyo 12
Si David Berkowitz
Na binansagang “Son of Sam”
Mamamatay-tao ng New York City
Ay nahatulan ng 365 taon na pagkabilanggo
Dahil sa kanyang pagpatay ng anim na beses…
 
Kung maraming yumaon sa petsang ito
Marami rin ang dumating na nagpamalas
Ng kani-kanilang lakas at galing…
 
Taon 1107 Hunyo 12
Ipinanganak si Gaozong
At naging emperor ng China
Umabot ang kanyang edad na otsenta
Namatay siya sa taong 1187…
 
Taon 1875, ipinanganak si Sam De Grasse
At naging Canadian actor
Na hinangaan ng milyon-milyong
Tagahanga dahil sa kanyang galing
Sa pag arte, namatay siya sa taong 1953…
 
Taon 1906 ipinanganak si Sandro Penna
Siya’y isang magaling na Italian poet
Na hinangaan ng marami
Namatay siya sa taong 1977…
 
Taong 1912 Hunyo 12
Si Jameel Jalibi ay ipinanganak
Siya’y isang Pakistani scholar
Manunulat at Urdu linguist
Na ipinagmamalaki ng bansang Pakistan …
 
Ang Hunyo 12 ay pang 163 na araw
Sa Gregorian calendar at pang 164 na araw
Kung leap years, ito rin ay Russia Day
Mula noong 1990 at Lover’s Day ng Brazil
Dia dos Namorados – ang tawag nila…
 
At para sa mga kabataan
Ang Hunyo 12 ay pang Daig-digang Araw
Upang ipagtanggol ang mga menor de edad
Na sapilitang pinagtratrabaho
At supilin ang Child Labor sa mundo!

About the author – I am a father of 3 for 24+years, OFW for 16 years +, A Blogger, Sometimes a Poet, A Writer, Self-motivated. I am friendly animal but can kick you off when it is needed. LOL. I have no specific areas where my writing will focus on. I write any subject under the merciless sun. I am a writer/contributor of Triond, Wikinut, Bukisa and Allvoices. Also I am a DXN Member/Distributor. I welcome people around the world who are positively thinking to start business with DXN.

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The German submarine age began well before the eras of the World Wars, in 1850 with the ill-fated Brandtaucher, a very primitive version of the war-ready subs we know today, a three-man vessel which could dive to a less than impressive depth of ten meters, about sixty feet. The Brandtaucher’s maiden voyage was a failure, due to a miscalculation as to how deep it could go, estimated to be fifty meters, a little more than three hundred feet, and lack of a way to tell if the water pressure on the hull was too intense. The tiny U-Boat collapsed under the pressure, killing the three men inside. The ship was recovered sixteen days later, and is now on display in the German National Marine Museum in Berlin. The idea of a boat that could operate successfully underwater was discarded as rubbish.

In 1903, the Forelle, Germany’s first successfully functional “Unterseeboot”, or “Under-Sea Boat,” was designed, sent on her maiden voyage into the Baltic Sea on a twelve-hour mission, and returned unharmed to the dockyard of Kiel. The design was sold to Russia in the Russo-Japanese war in April of 1904.  The U-1, whose date of design is unknown, was commissioned into the German Navy on December 14th of 1906, the beginnings of the U-Boat Force. The U-1 had a double hull, allowing it to go fairly deep into the sea, ran on a kerosene engine, and held a single torpedo tube. Later, the U-2 was fifty percent larger and held two tubes rather than one.

During the first several weeks of World War one, Germany’s submarines sank three British cruisers, the HMS Aboukir, Cressy, and Hogue, all in less than an hour. They were sunk by U-9, the first U-boat to reload its tubes whilst staying submerged. Until then, the British saw U-boats simply as a novelty, not a true threat, as they could only fire once before they had to resurface, exposing them to mortar fire if the ship survived the onslaught.

At the end of the First World War, the Treaty of Versailles restricted the total tonnage of the German fleet and forbade the construction of submarines. However, a submarine design office was set up in Holland and a torpedo research program was started in Sweden. Before the start of World War II, Germany started building U-boats and training crews, labeling these activities as “research” or concealing them, using other covers. By the time the Second World War began, Germany had over sixty-five submarines in its possession, twenty-one of which were already at sea, ready for war.

During the Second World War, a major player in the Battle of the Atlantic, which lasted the entirety of the war, were the U-Boats. They were, however not very effective in the beginnings, as the radio transmitters of Germany were weak and easily intercepted by the British. After the German invasion of France, Germany seized control of the powerful radio transmitters, which were closer to the Atlantic for the receipt and transmission of orders and positions to the U-Boats. This made it easier to coordinate attacks, and was less likely to be intercepted by the British.

Critical to Britain’s survival of the war was the food and combat supplies that were being constantly shipped over the Atlantic from America, where there was a large gap in air cover. Germany took advantage of this, and struck at the cargo ships with a unique strategy for taking them down.

The U-Boats patrolled the Atlantic alone, sometimes for several months, until they found a cargo ship, whose position they sent to the radio transmitters in France. Radio operators then relayed the position to all U-Boats in the vicinity. All subs who could get there in a reasonable amount of time, up to three days, then raced to the area to take down the ship, much like how a wolf patrolling the forest alone until he found a herd of moose or elk, howled to the rest of his pack, who came to help him take down the prey. This hunting strategy earned the German U-boat Force the nickname, the Wolf-Pack.

The Wolf-Pack was easily the most terrifying element of World War II.  They kept the Brits in one state, unable to expand because the U-boats were keeping most the much needed supplies from ever reaching Britain. For every ship sunk by a U-boat, another ship had to be built as well as replacement of any cargo lost, in addition to the men aboard who could no longer serve as they were either killed, taken prisoner, or wounded mentally or physically beyond the ability to continue sailing. The percentage of men who survived a sinking ship was low; the number who sailed again was even lower.

The U-Boats were armed with deck-guns, mines, and their favored weapon, the torpedo. They used straight running torpedoes in the beginning, but later used magnetic, which when fired, did not explode until sensors on the torpedo detected a major change in the magnetic field, triggered by the target ship’s hull. The greatest, most efficient way of using the magnetic torpedoes was to fire them directly beneath the keel of the target ship. There, the explosion would send a shock wave through the entire ship, often causing it to break in half. With further improvements in torpedo technology, came the sound-detecting torpedoes. With these, if they missed, the torpedo would change its course to hit the nearest, loudest sound it could find: the propeller.  By the end of World War II, over three thousand ships had been sunk by the Wolf-Pack. Most of these ships were merchant- and cargo-ships, although several of them were British, French, and American cruisers, battleships, and destroyers. 14,119,413 of total tonnage in cargo and ship mass were lost to the U-boats.

The Wolf-Pack’s battle tactics became all but useless when the Brits introduced the convoy system, in which all cargo ships were to be escorted by several battle-ready cruisers and destroyers. British and American pilots were continuously flying between England, Iceland, Greenland and America, offering air cover as well as the escort. The ships made it difficult for the submarines to have enough U-boats in the area to attack and escape unscathed, and the planes’ aerial views could easily locate the submarines and drop bombs or depth charges to rid them of the congregating wolves. The Americans and the Brits also developed sonar which sent a ‘ping’ that returned information on the depth of the sea, allowing them to know if a submarine was in the area.

The effectiveness of the Wolf-Pack was hindered by the capture an Enigma Machine, an encrypting device used to keep the transmissions to and from the U-boats secret from enemy receivers and a codebook found in the captured U-505. This was kept secret from Germany, who did not know that their transmissions were being both intercepted and understood. Later, the liberation of France, and consequential loss of the French radio transmitters, forced many of the U-Boats to retreat to the Norwegian, Danish, and German bases, greatly limiting the range in which their attacks were coordinated. This meant that the Allies knew almost every move the Wolf-Pack made, and in a much smaller area.

Hitler’s greatest mistake was his invasion of Russia. After this, Russia collaborated with the Allied Powers. Germany was now being attacked on three sides: Russia to the East, Britain, France, and America to the West, and by Allied Powers through Africa and Italy. Germany’s cause was now helpless.

That’s right folks! Recent news and scientists have uncovered what they believe to be the truth. Earthquakes are apparently on their way! And why not? Who could ask for a bigger bang to start off the catastrophic event that will be the true end to all ends!? 

Now if scientists are saying this is going to take place of course that means that it has to be for sure! Right? Should we all run to the church and repent? Should we say apologize to everyone we’ve ever hurt? And should we stay with our loved ones in this dire time? Well I call bs. But what do you think? Leave your opinion below whether we should take these announcements serious? Or laugh them off?

Thanks,

Kaos

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Celtic Empire

The Celts had a reputation as headhunters and were famous for their habit of putting skulls on poles victims in front of their homes. Many Celts were fighting completely naked and famous for their long iron swords.

They were cutting heads of enemies killed in battle and sometimes even hung their horses neck. Embalmed in cedar oil the heads heads caught and kept them carefully in a chest, bragging they are the foreigners and refusing to sell them even if you were given the equivalent, as weight in gold.

Maori civilization

Residents were the first Maori settlers in New Zealand, who arrived a few centuries before the Europeans. Their culture dates from the early modern era. They practiced cannibalism during the war.

In 1809, a European ship was attacked by a group of Maori warriors, in retaliation for the disrespect shown the son of one of the local chiefs. I killed most of those on board the vessel. A few lucky survivors recounted frightened about what they saw.

Mongol Empire

The Mongols were regarded as barbarians and savages. They have dominated Europe and Asia and were famous for the fact that they could ride without being led by one of the greatest military leaders in history, Genghis Khan.

They were very disciplined and skilled in use of the bow and arrows while riding. They were masters of psychological warfare and intimidation of opponents and created the second largest empire in history.

From Vietnam to Hungary, the Mongol Empire was one of the largest in history.

Tribes Press

Apasii were some kind of ninja of America. They used primitive weapons, mostly made of wood and bone. Apasii knives were the biggest fighters in the world ever seen and were skilled in handling axes Tomahawk.

They terrorized the southwestern United States having the habit of victims and scalp.

Empire Vikings

Europe were terrified of their invasions and robberies. They were very combative and used their weapons as imposing stature.

Even their religion was based on the cult of war and believed that when someone died in battle, he will fight on forever. In battle, the Vikings were destroying everything in their path.

Roman Empire

Although the Roman Empire may be the greatest empire that existed, we can not ignore the fact that the Romans did many cruel acts: murder, slaves and prisoners were forced to fight to the death in combat of gladiators.

Among the most cruel Roman emperors Caligula or Nero are counted. At first the Romans were ruled by kings, then the institution called the Romanian republic. With the expansion of Roman power was created the Roman Empire.

With a great military and administrative organization, the Roman Empire became the empire that has endured the longest period in history. From the age of ancient Rome and the Byzantine Empire until the fall of 2214 years have passed.

Aztec Empire

The Aztecs created their theocratic structure after 1300 and offered human sacrifices. Nearly 20,000 people were killed annually to bring offerings to the gods – especially the sun god.

A write to the coronation of King Ahuitzotl says 80,000 prisoners were butchered to please the gods.

Nazi Germany

Although he was “glory” a short, Nazi Germany was a superpower and it provoked the war affected the whole world. At least 4 million people were killed during the Holocaust (6 million, according to British Encyclopedia – No) and Nazi Germany unleashed the most devastating war in human history, World War II.

Nazi Swastika is probably the most hated symbol of the world. Nazi Germany occupied an area of ​​approximately 696,267 square kilometers. Hitler was one of the most influential people and empire that existed was one of the most frightening of history.

Soviet Union

Communism is responsible for millions of deaths, caused more than Nazi Germany, and that only in the Soviet Union. In Stalin’s time were killed between 10 and 60 million people.

Soviet Union was probably one of the greatest enemies of the United States. The vast majority of those who lived in the Stalinist period saw a continuous state of fear and, therefore, the Soviet Union was more frightening than Nazi Germany, the Germans felt a certain level of safety, so long as the Nazi concept supported